Indwara n' ibyonnyi n’uburyo bwo kubirwanya

Indwara

1.Kirabiranya y'umuceri(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)

Iyi ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twa bagiteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), ikarangwa no kurabirana kw’amababi cyangwa kw’igihingwa cyose. Igice gifashwe gihinduka icyatsi kijujuka, kikazahinduka umuhondo weruruka. Umuceri ukiri muto urababuka burundu. Isoko y’ubwandu ishobora kuba ibyatsi byo ku mpande y’igishanga, ibicericeri (ibishogoshogo) cyangwa umuceri  wo mu gasozi. Iyi ndwara yinjirira mu bikomere by’igihingwa mu gihe cyo kugemūra cyangwa se iyo umuceri ukomerekejwe n’umuyaga cyangwa imvura.

Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya:

Gukoresha imbuto zihangana; kwirinda ibintu byose bibika ubwandu; kutarenza urugero rw’umunyungugu wa azote; kurinda ko ibitanda n’imirima birengerwa n’amazi.

2.Uburima

• Uburima : Pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia Oryzae):

Ni indwara mbi cyane, iterwa n’agahumyo gato katabonwa n’amaso. Ifata ingingo zose : ibibabi, uduti, indabo n’impeke. Ikunda gukara cyane mu buhumbikiro, umuceri ugeze igihe cyo guhagika, guterera n’igihe cyo kurabya.

Ibiranga indwara y’Uburima:

amababi azaho amabara y’ikigina cyijimye, ajya kuba maremare, asongoye, y’ikijuju hagati, ku mababi kandi hazaho utudomo tw’icyatsi cyenda kuba ikijuju dusa nkaho turimo amazi dufite ishusho y’uruziga cyangwa imeze nk’igi, amabara akuze aba nk’afite inkovu; ku bufubiko bw’indabo haza ho utubara tw’ikigina; mu gihe cyo guterera, ku ipfundo rya nyuma riri hasi y’indabo hazaho uruziga rwirabura, agati ko hejuru y’iryo pfundo kakuma, ihundo ntirizemo impeke; uruti (igikenyeri) ruruma; mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe zirashya zikababuka zose.

Ibituma iyo ndwara yiyongera:

Gukoresha azote nyinshi mu murima; ubushyuhe bwinshi buvanze n’ubutohe; ivu ryinshi rirunze hamwe.

Uburima bwo ku mababi

Amahundo arwaye

Uko wakwirinda indwara y’Uburima bw’Umuceri:

Gutera imbuto zihangana; gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika(Thiram-Benomyl,..); gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero nyarwo; kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima; isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye; gutwika ibikenyeri by’umuceri nyuma yo gusarura; gutera imiti (Tebuconazole, Benomyl, Kitazine,...); kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga; no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhinzi (ubucucike bw’imbuto mu murima, ifumbire nyayo ku rugero nyarwo, amazi mu murima ku rugero...).

3. Indwara iterwa na virusi y’umuceri (RYMV)

Indwara ya Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ni icyorezo cyibasiye umuceri mu bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, ikaba igaragara mu bihugu hafi ya byose bihinga umuceri. Iyi ndwara iterwa na Virusi yagaragaye no mu gihugu cya Tutukiya.

Umuceri wafashwe n’indwara iterwa na virusi.

Indwara iterwa na Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ikwirakwizwa n’amoko menshi y’udukoko, inka, imbeba n’indogobe. Iyo udukoko dukwirakwiza virusi  turiye umuceri wafashwe  duhita tuyikwirakwiza ku muceri utarandura n’indi mirima  igiterwa aho hafi cyangwa ubuhumbikiro. Umuceri, ibihingwa virusi zihishamo zigakuriramo n’ibishibu cyangwa ibimera byimeza mu mirima hagati y’ibihembwa by’ihinga bituma virusi zikomeza kuguma mu murima. Indwara iterwa na virusi ishobora no gukwirakwizwa n’amatembabuzi ava ku gihingwa ajya ku kindi ( amazi yo kuhira, amazi ava ku gututubikana kw’igihinwa  no gukoranaho kw’ibice by’igihingwat birwaye n’ibizima ndetse no ku bisigazwa by’ibihibgwa).

Virusi ishobora no kuboneka mu mizi y’ibihingwa byafashwe kandi ishobora kwanduza ibindi bihingwa binyuze mu bikomere by’imizi.

Ibimenyetso:

• Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya virusi y’umuceri mbere na mbere bigaragara nk’imirongo y’amabara y’umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi aza ku ntangiriro y’amababi akiri mato,. Ayo mabara agenda akura ateganye n’imitsi y’amababi akagaragara nk’amabara y’umuhondo cyangwa oranje.
• Amababi aje nyuma y’uko igihingwa gifatwa aza afite amabara kandi akenshi aba yizingazinze.
• Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma amababi ahinduka ikigina cyijimye  kandi n’amahundo ntasohoke neza.
• Umuceri warembejwe na virusi uragwingira, ukabyara ibyana bike, ukagira amahundo atarimo impeke kandi akenshi uruma.
• Umuceri wafashwe nyuma y’minsi 20-50 ugemuwe ushobora kugaragaza amabara y’umuhondo, ukarabya ukazana n’imbuto ariko ukagwingira.

Ni gute wayirwanya?

Gukoresha imbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo buboneye bwo kurwanya indwara ya virusi y’umuceri (RYMV).

Ubundi buryo bwo kuyirwanya burimo ubu bukurikira:

• Gukoresha uburyo bwo guhingira rimwe ahantu hanini hagatererwa rimwe umuceri, hanyuma wasarurwa hakararizwa hose kugira ngo virusi n’ibihingwa bizikwirakwiza bitiyongera,
• Bakimara gusarura, gutaba mu butaka ibisigazwa by’umuceri, ibishibu by’umuceri n’uwimejeje kugira ngo bagabanye ibishobora kubika virusi mu murima no kugira ngo virusi n’ibizikwirakwiza bipfe,
• Gutera mbere y’uko ibikwirakwiza virusi byiyongera,
• Kurandura no gutwika umuceri wafashwe cyane cyane iyo ubwandu bukiri ku rugero rwo hasi,
• Kubagara buri gihe umuceri ndetse na nyuma yo gusarura kugira ngo ugabanye isoko y’indiri za virusi.

4. Ingenge z’imigongo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola)

Iyi ndwara irangwa n’imirongo y’icyatsi cyijimye isa n’itose ku dutsi tw’ibibabi. Aya mabara agenda yaguka kandi yiyegeranya, agahinduka ikijuju gishyira umuhondo,akenshi ayo mabara akaba mu kibabi hagati. Indwara irakura, amababi agahinduka ikijuju cyeruruka, ubundi akuma.

Ibimenyetso by’ingenge z’amababi

Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya:

• Mu ngamba zo kwirinda iyi ndwara harimo: guterera igihe ingemwe zitarwaye zavuye ku mbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero ruringaniye. Ni ngombwa kandi kugira isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye, kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima, gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika (Thiram-Benomyl: gr 1 ya Thiram na gr 1 ya Benomyl muri kg y’imbuto, ukinika imbuto muri iyo mvange igihe cy’amsaha 24 mbere yo kuzitera mu buhumbikiro.
• Igihe indwara yagaragaye, koresha imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole mu murima wafashwe, na Benomyl igihe indwara yagaragye mu buhumbikiro.

Ibyonnyi, Udukoko n’ibyatsi bibi

1.Nkongwa

Inyo za nkongwa zinjira mu gikenyeri, zikarya umutima, zigapfumura mu mapfundo.

Iyo umuceri ufashwe ukiri muto ntukura neza, amababi aba umuhondo, akuma. Iyo umuceri ufashwe nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa urimo kurabya, impeke ntizizamo neza; zireruruka kandi zikaba ibihuhwe.

Mu gihe cy’isarura, nkongwa zitangira kwiyubururira mu gice cyo hasi

cy’igikenyeri. Iyo ihinga rihise rikurikira isarura, bituma nkongwa yiyongera

Ifoto igaragaza Nkongwa y’umuceri

Uko warwanya nkongwa:

Gutaba mu mazi ibisigazwa byo mu murima kugira ngo bibore vuba; no gutera imiti igihe ari ngombwa.

 2. Isazi y’umuceri

Isazi y’umuceri (Diopsis Thoracica) : Ni agakoko gafite amabara abiri : ahegereye umutwe ni umukara, naho ahandi ni nk’ikigina. Inyo ziva mu magi y’iyi sazi ni zo zangiza cyane nka nkongwa. Isazi n’inyo, byombi birya amababi, bikanyunyuza amazi. Inyo zizamuka mu ntimatima zihereye mu mizi, zikarya umutima w’igikenyeri. Umuceri utarabumbura uhinduka umuhondo. Iyo umuceri ufashwe umaze guhagika cyangwa mbere yo kuraba, amahundo ntiyirema neza, nta n’impeke  zizamo.

Ifoto igeragaza Isazi y’umuceri

• Kuyirwanya: Umurima ugomba guhora urimo isuku. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kongera amazi mu murima ukigaragaramo ibimenyetso by’ubwone bw’isazi y’umuceri. Hanyuma rero ni na ngombwa kurwanya isazi y’umuceri, cyane cyane ikoze mu bireti.  

3. Imbeba:

Imbeba zo mu mazu n’iz‘igasozi, zose zibasha kwangiza umuceri mu murima k’urugero rwa 20%. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:

• Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije
• Gukoresha imitego, imiti n’izindi nyamaswa zirya imbeba.

4. Inyoni:

Inyoni z’amoko atandukanye zona umuceri zigatera igihombo k’umusaruro kigera ku rugero rwa 25%-30%.

Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:

• Kurinda umuceri mu mirima hakoreshejwe abantu bazirukana,
• Guterera igihe ukoresheje imbuto nziza zitarwaye z’ubwoko bwihanganira inyoni (NERICA) bufite amababi asongoye inyoni zidashobora kwitendekaho;

NB: Nta buryo buhamye bwo kubuza inyoni kwangiza umuceri uretse kuzirukana.

Ibyatsi bibi:

Ibyatsi bibi bikunze kuboneka mu murima w’umuceri mu Rwanda biri mu bwoko bukurikira: umutete(Echnochloa crusgali, Echnochloa Colonum); urukangaga(Cyperus diformis); umurago (Cyperus rutondus) n’ibindi.

Uburyo bwo kubirwanya:

• Gukoresha mu rugero imiti itwika ibyatsi
• Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije;
• Kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima;
• Guhungura imbuto ukoresheje umuti wa Thiran na Benomyl, (gr 1 ya Thiran na gr 1 ya Benomyl mu  kilo cy’imbuto. Kwinika imbuto mu mvange y’amazi n’umuti mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 mbere yo kubiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro;
• Kuvura indwara igihe yagaragaye mu murima ukoresheje  imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole na Benomyl mu buhumbikiro.