Kwita ku macunga

1.1. Kubagara

Kubagara neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo amacunga akiri mato amererwe neza kandi akure vuba.  Bikorwa barandura ibimera byimejeje n'ibyatsi bibi byose mu ntera nini ikikije igiti . Uko igiti kigenda gikura ni ko ugenda wongera ahantu ubagara hirya y`igiti.

Kubagara bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe n'isuka. Imiti yica ibyatsi nka ni byiza kuyikoresha kugira ngo irinde kongera kumera kw'ibyatsi bibi cyangwa gukoreha umuti witwa Diuron ( soma Diyuro) mu rwego rwo kwirinda mbere ibyatsi byamera igaterwa ku rugero rwa kg3/ha inshuro 2 zitandukanyijwe n'iminsi 120. Ibi bifasha kwirinda ibyatsi bibi mu gihe cy'iminsi 280.

512. Kuvanga ibihingwa

Ibihingwa byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyamisogwe nk'inkori, ibishyimbo, amashaza,.. bishobora guhingwa mu murima umwe n'amacunga. Kuvanga ibihingwa ni byiza ko byakorwa gusa mu myaka 3 ya mbere amacunga atewe. Hejuru y'ibyo, ibinyamisogwe bijyana n'uburyo bwo gutera ingemwe zavuye ku bitsinsi, kandi byifitemo ubushobozi bwo gukurura umunyungugu wa azote yo mu kirere bikoresheje uduheri two ku mizi yabyo.

1.3. Kuyobora imikurire y'igiti

Ibiti by'amacunga biyoborwa ku buryo bumwe hagira imitwe ishaka kurenga ku ngero tubona hasi bakayikata mu buryo buhoraho. Mu mwaka wa mbere ingemwe ziri gukura, izirengeje uburebure bwa m 0.7–1 zigomba gukatwa kugira ngo hamere amashami y'impande. Amashami 4-6 gusa ashamitse neza ku gihimba mu mpande zose ni yo yemerewe gukura kugeza kuri m 3-4

Nyuma y'aho ntabwo biba bigikenewe kuyobora igiti. Kuyobora ibiti by'amacunga byagombye gukorwa bikarangira mu myaka 3 ya mbere kugira ngo amashami abe akomeye uko bikwiye. Gukata amashami atari ngombwa byo bikorwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.

1.4. Gukata

Gukata igiti kigikura bikorwa mu buryo butandukanye hakurukijwe ubwoko bw'amacunga. Gukata ni ugukuraho amashami yapfuye, ayafashwe n'indwara cyangwa atameze neza. Gukuraho ibitontome n'imimero kuri buri gitsinsi mu nsi y'aho bagemetsea na byo ni ngombwa kandi bigomba gukorwa ku buryo buhoraho bikagendana no kugabanya amababi kugira ngo urumuri rw'izuba n'akayaga byinjiremo. Igihe cyiza cyo kugabanya igiti ni nyuma y'igihe cy'isarura (Kamena- Nzeli)

1.5. Kuyobora amazi

Ibiti by'amacunga bishaka amazi menshi kuko itembera ry'amatembabuzi ritajya rihagarara kandi igiti kiratutubikana umwaka wose.

Iyo  igiti kimaze gushamika neza, gikenera amazi menshi kuko iyo amazi abuze n'ubuhehere mu gihe cy'ingenzi ku gihingwa bitubya umusaruro bikica n'ubwiza bw'imbuto.  Ni ngombwa kwirinda ibura ry'amazi ahagije mu gihe cyo gukura, mu gihe cyo kuzana uruyange n'igihe cyo kuzana imbuto.

Mu mezi 6 ya mbere, amacunga agomba kuhirwa inshuro 2 mu cyumweru, nyuma yaho bigakorwa nyuma y'iminsi 7. Kuva ku macunga akiri mashyashya kugeza ku myaka 8, kuhira byagombye gukorwa  ku buryo byo kuyobora amazi avuye mu bizenga byacukuwe. Uburyo bwo kuyobora amazi make make bukundwa na benshi.

Igiti cy'amacunga gikuze gikenera kuhirirwa inshuro 20- 25 mu mwaka, bigera kuri mm 1,325 z'amazi. Amacunga kandi akenera amazi menshi cyane mu gihe atangiye kuzana imbuto. Ni byiza kuhira amacunga igihe imbuto zimaze kugira uburemere. Kubura ubuhehere mu gihe amacunga atangiye kuzana uruyange bituma uruyange n'utubuto tukiri duto bihunguka ari byinshi ingaruka ikazaba gutuba k'umusaruro. Igihe babaye kumagara cyane bigakurikirwa n'imvura nziza bishobora gutuma uruyange ruza mbere y'igihe n'imbuto zigatangira kwirema.

1.6.  Gufumbira

Gushyira inyongeramusaruro mu macunga biterwa n'impamvu zitandukanye nk'imyaka igiti kimaze, uburyo ingemwe zabonetsemo, ubutaka, ikirere hamwe n'umusaruro wifuzwa. Nta buryo rusange ngenderwaho mu gukoresha inyongeramusaruro ku buhinzi bwose bw'amacunga mu bice bifite ikirere gitandukanye. Ingengabihe yo gukoresha inyongeramusaruro ikunda gukoreshwa ni iyi ikurikira :

Inyongeramusaruro zigomba gushyirwa ku muzenguruko w'icunga munsi y`urugara rw'amababi bitewe n'imyaka igiti kimaze. Ku giti gikuze, inyongeramusaruro zishyirwa mu ruziga rw'ubugari bwa  cm 30-40 ku ntera ya cm 100-200 uturutse ku gihimba kuko imizi myinshi ikigaburira iherereye mu gice kiri hasi y'urugara rw'amababi.

N'ubwo amacunga asaba inyongeramusaruro z'inyongera kuri NPK, abahinzi bakunda kwibagirwa gukoresha ibindi bitunga igihingwa kandi ari igice cy'ingenzi cyane ku gihingwa cy'icunga. Nyamara, ibimenyetso by'uko igihingwa cyabuze imyunyungugu ya Feri, Manganeze na Zenke ntabwo bigaragara cyane, bityo bigatuma bigorana kumenya neza icyo igihingwa kibura.

Ni ngombwa rero ko ibitunga igihingwa bikoreshwa kenshi. Ibyo bitunga igihingwa bivangwa n'amazi bakabitera ku biti by'amacunga nk'utera umuti. Kubura kwa Zenke, umuringa na manganese ku gihingwa bibaho kenshi, bisaba rero ko biterwa mu mazi ya L 10 bikavangwa ku buryo bukurikira:

• g 15 za Zenke

• g 20 z'umuringa

• g 20 za manganeze.

Uru ruvange rwagombye guterwa ku biti by'amacunga mu gihe amababi arimo akura vuba vuba. Kubura kw'intungagihingwa ya Boro (Boron) bishobora gukosorwa bashyiramo g 20 za z'ifumbire ya Borax ( Soma "Boragisi" ) munsi y'amababi kuri buri giti kigaye.

1.7. Uko umuhinzi yitwara ku ihindagurika ry`umusaruro

Ibiti byo mu bw'amacunga cyangwa  mandarine zimwe na zimwe bikunda gutanga umusaruro w'imbuto nyinshi mu mwaka wa mbere, naho mu mwaka wa kabiri bigatanga umusaruro muke. Ibi ni byo bita ihindagurika ry'umusaruro. Ushobora kugabanyiriza igiti kurumbuka cyane ukuraho imbuto zimwe na zimwe mu mwaka w'umusaruro mwinshi. Gukata igiti na byo birafasha mu kuringaniriza igiti umusaruro. Ni byiza kandi gukoresha inyongeramusaruro nke mu gihe cy'umusaruro muke  ugakoresha inyongeramusaruro nyinshi mu gihe cy'uburumbuke bwinshi kugira ngo igiti kibone ibyo gikeneye bitewe n'umusaruro wifuza. Si byiza kureka imbuto zishaje ngo zigume ku giti igihe kirekire kirenze igikenewe. Nyamara n'ubwo hakoreshwa ubwo buryo twabonye, hari amoko y'amacunga ahindaguranya umusaruro uko byagenda kose. Ni ngombwa gukoresha kenshi ibitunga ibihingwa by'inyongera.

1.8.  Ihanuka ry'imbuto

Guhanuka kw'imbuto ni ibintu bisanzwe. Iyo guhanuka kw'imbuto bikabije bishobora guterwa n'igihe cy'izuba ryinshi, ubushyuhe bukabije butunguranye, ubuhehere bukeya cyangwa ibura ry'umunyungugu wa azote.

Gukata ibiti by'amacunga cyane, udukoko twangiza amacunga nk'utumatirizi, imiswa cyangwa gukomeretsa imbuto mu gihe batera imiti bishobora gutuma imbuto zihanuka. Ni ngombwa ko igiti kiba gifite ubuzima bwiza kugira ngo imbuto zihanuka zigabanuke.

Guhanuka kw'imbuto ni uburyo kamere igiti ubwacyo gikoresha. Iyo imbuto zigumye ku giti ari nyinshi bituma umwero ugira imbuto ntoya. Hejuru y'ibyo kandi imbuto nyinshi ziremerera igiti zikaba zacyangiza.