Ubunyobwa bufatwa n’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko tunyunyuza amatembabuzi nk’inda, uduhunduguru tunyunyuza amababi, ibinyugunyugu birya amababi, udukoko turya amababi n’utundi mu gihe bukimera no mu gihe burimo bukura. Mu gihe bumaze gukura kandi ubunyobwa bushobora gufatwa n’ibyonnyi nk’ibishorobwa bipfumura ibishinshwa by’ubunyobwa bugikura bikabwangiza bikomeye.
1.Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ( Cercospora arachidicola) ni indwara iterwa n’uduhumyo tuzana ibibara ku mababi y’ubunyobwa. Amoko yose y’ubunyobwa yibasirwa n’iyi ndwara kandi igabanya cyane umusaruro w’ubunyobwa, cyane by’umwihariko mu turere tw’amajyepfo ashyira uburasirazuba, Uburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ashyira uburengerezubwa bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa bishobora kugabanya umusaruro w’ubunyobwa ku rugero ruva kuri 1% kugeza kuri 50% by’umusaruro wari utegerejwe bitewe n’uko igihingwa cyafashwe n’umuti wakoreshejwe mu kurwanya iyo ndwara.
Ibimenyetso
Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina (Cercospora arachidicola)yinduza ibiti by’ubunyobwa gusa, igatera ibibara by’ikigina bias n’ibikomere ku gihimba, ku mababi ndetse no ku nkondo z’amababi. Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ibibara by’ikigina bikora uruziga bigaragara ku mababi ya mbere y’igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuva ku minsi 30 kugeza ku minsi 50 nyuma yo gutera. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma indabo z’ubunyobwa zihunguka imburagihe ndetse ikagabanya n’umusaruro. Ibindi bimenyetso by’iyi ndwara harimo urubobi ry’ikijuju ruzamukamo utwoya ruza kuri bya bikomere mu bihe by’ubukonje.
Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa
Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya
Indwara y’ibidomo by’ikigina ishobora kwirindwa cyangwa kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ibi bikurikira:
2. ozete ( Groundnut rosette virus-GRV) ni indwara iterwa na virusi iboneka mu bihugu byo munsi y’ubutayu
Sahara. Ikwirakwzwa n’udukoko, iva mu bihingwa ijya mu bindi. Udukoko dukwirakwiza iyo virusi ni nk’Inda z’ibihingwa (Aphis craccivora).
Indwara ya Rozete yagaragaye bwa mbere muri Afurikaa mu mwaka w’1907 ikaba yarangije bikomeye igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuri uyu mugabane. Mu mwaka wa 1939, byagaragaye ko yangije ibihingwa kugera kuri 80 - 90% muri Congo Mbiligi byateje igihombo gikomeye ku musaruro. Iyi virusi ikwirakwira byihuse mu bihingwa
Ubunyobwa bwanduye indwara ya Rozete
Kuyirwanya:
3. Ibyonnyi by’ubunyobwa
1. Inda z’ubunyobwa ( Aphis craccivora - Koch.)
Utu dukoko dutera uburozi bukaze mu gihingwa iyo tukinyunyuza maze twaba twinshi bugatuma kigwingira cyangwa cyuma burundu. Iyo utu dukoko tunyunyuza igihingwa turema ibintu bimeze nk’ubuki byinshi bisa nabi bituma igihingwa kibora. Ibi bituma igihingwa kitabasha kwiremera imbaraga ziva mu rumuri zigifasha mu mikurire yacyo bityo amababi agasa nabi ku buryo atahabwa amatungo. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku gihingwa cyanduye iyi ndwara ni uguhinduka umuhondo, kuraba no kuma burundu. Muri rusange ubunyobwa burangirika bikomeye byaba biturutse ku kuribwa n’udukoko ubwatwo cyangwa se ari virusi zitera indwara zinjizwa mu gihingwa n’utwo dukoko (Rossette & Peanut strip virus.)
Ifoto igaragaza inda zangiza ubunyobwa
Kurinda ubunyobwa iyi ndwara
. Uduhunduguru: (Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi)
Ibyana n’ibikuru bishwanyaguza ubuso bw’amababi bikanyunyuza amatembabuzi maze bigatuma mu nsi y’amababi hazaho ibibara by’umweru no kwangirika kw’amababi akimera. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije butera igihingwa kugwingira.
Uburyo bwo kuburwanya
3. Agakoko kangiza amababi (Aproaerema modicella)
Uko kangiza
Ku gice cyo hejuru cy’amababi hagaragaraho ibisa n’ubushye hafi y’uruteranyirizo. Uko udukoko tugenda turya igihingwa ni ko igice cyangiriste kigenda kiyongera kugeza ubwo ikibabi cyose gihindutse ikijuju, kikihinahina ndetse kikanuma. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije igihingwa cyafashwe gisa n’icyatwitswe n’umuriro. Iyo iyi ndwara itinze utu dukoko duhuriza amababi hamwe tukayarya tukaguma mu gice gihinahinnye.
Uburyo bwo kukarwanya:
4. Nkongwa ( Helicoverpa armigera )
Uburyo yangizaIbyana bya Nkongwa bitungwa n’amababi, bigakunda cyane indabo n’imimero. Iyo biriye imimero hagenda hagaragara imyobo n’ amababi abumbuye ariweho.
Kurwanya Nkongwa mu gihe cy’ihinga
5. Ibishorobwa ( Holotrichia consanguinea )
Ibishorobwa bikuze bigira uburebure buri hagati ya mm 18-20 na mm 7-9 z’ubugari. Amagi yabyo aba ari umweru, ajya kugira ishusho y’umwiburungushure. Ibyana byabyo bisa n’umweru ubengerana, bikagira mm 5 z’uburebure. Ibi bikoko bipfupfunuka mu butaka mu minsi 3-4 nyuma y’uko imvura itangiye kugwa. Ni ngombwa gushyiraho imitego y’amatara mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa buri munsi. Bikorwa bacukura icyobo cya cm 100 X 100 X 20, ni ukuvuga ibyobo 10 / ha, gufata no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa kuri buri cyobo.
Byaba ibikuze cyangwa ibyana ibishorobwa byose birangiza. Ibyana bitungwa n’imizi kandi bikangiza ibishishwa by’ubunyobwa. Birya imizi mizima bigatuma icika intege, igihingwa kikaraba, kikuma ibice ibice.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kubirwanya
Gufata no gutwika ibishorobwa bikuze bikuwe mu biti byiberamo mu nkengero z’umurima. Mu bice ibi bishorobwa by’umweru byanze gushiramo, bisaba guhinga bageza hasi cyane nyuma y’isarura bityo bishobora kugabanya ubwinshi bwabyo kuko inyoni zibitoratora no gutwika ibikonoshwa byabyo.
Kubyirinda
Kurwanya ibishorobwa by’umweru bikuze batera umuti ku biti bibamo nka Neem ( Soma Nimu) n’ibindi. Gukoresha umuti wa Carbaryl 50 WP ku rugero rwa g 2 kuri litiro y’amazi. Cyangwa Chlorpyriphos 20 EC ku rugero rwa ml 2/litiro y’amazi bigakorwa vuba igihe cy’imvura gitangiye, bigakorwa iminsi 3-4 mu masaha ya nimugoroba. Iyi miti yica ibishorobwa bikuze kandi bikagabanya kumunga imizi. Gutera imiti bigomba gusubirwamo nk’inshuro 3 -4 kugeza hagati mu kwezi kwa
6. Umuswa
Amafoto yerekana uko imiswa yangiza ubunyobwa
Imiswa ni udusimba tw’umweru tubengerana. Imiswa yinjira mu gice cyose cy’imizi igacukura imizi n’igihimba; bigatuma igihingwa cyuma. Imiswa icukura igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa ikinjira ikangiza imbuto. Imiswa imunga agace koroshye ku gishishwa ariko ubusanzwe ntimunga imbuto z’imbere. Ibishishwa byamunzwe bibasha kwanduzwa n’imiyege yitwa Aspergillus ituma igihingwa cyangirika.
Kuyirwanya
. Magurijana (Peridontopyge spp.)
Magurijana ni kimwe mu byonnyi byangiza igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa. Magurijana isa n’ikigina kijya kuba umukara, ikihinahina iyo hari ikiyikomye. Magurijana zifata imbuto z’ubunyobwa guhera zigiterwa kugeza mu minsi 20 nyuma y’itera. Zirya imimero ikizamuka zikimukira no mu mizi. Igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa kenshi kirangirika kikaba inzira y’udukoko dutera indwara twinjira mu bunyobwa. N’ibihingwa birokotse utu dukoko bikura nabi.
Magurijana zinafata n’ubunyobwa bumaze gukura butangiye gushora, igihe igishishwa kicyorohereye. Ibishishwa bitarakomera biratobagurika bikangirika cyangwa bigaterwa na mikorobe zituma bibora nk’imiyege ya Aspergillus flavus. Magurijana kandi zishobora no konona uruyange.
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