Igihingwa cya puwavuro gihura n’indwara nyinshi. Zimwe mu ndwara rusange za puwavuro harimo izi zikurikira:
Ibibara biterwa na Bagiteri: ni ikibazo kuri puwavuro cyane cyane mu gihe cy’imvura. Irangwa n’utubara duto twiremarema ku mababi. Nyuma yaho amababi ahinduka umuhondo akanahunguka. Imbuto nazo zirabemba. Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara hakoreshwa uburyo bwo guhinga imbuto zujuje ubuziranenge, guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, no gutera imvange y’imiti yica udukoko yabugenewe
Ibibara biterwa na Bagiteri ku mababi ya Puwaruroi
Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ububore ku mbuto
Ibimenyetso by’indwara ziterwa na virusi
Ishusho ya mbere:1,2,3: Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ububembe ifata Konkombure
Ishusho ya 4: Virusi y’ibirayi
Ishusho ya 5: Virusi y’inyanya
Ishusho ya 6: Virusi itera ibibara kuri puwavuro
Ishusho ya 7: Ububembe bw’imbuto
Ishusho ya 8: Virusi itera ibibara ku nyanya.
Ibibara bifata amababi bya Cercospora
Ifoto: Kirabiranya ku gihingwa cya puwavuro
Byagaragaye ko uduhumyo twitwa Nectria haematococca (anamorph Fusarium solani) ari two dutera indwara yo kurabirana kw’igiti no kubora kw’imbuto kuri puwavuro zihinze mu nzu zabugenewe. Ifata ahakomerekejwe ku ntangiriro y’igiti n’ahakomerekejwe n’iyangizwa ry’amababi cyangwa gusarura nabi imbuto zeze.
Ibimenyetso
Ku giti cya puwavuro hazaho ububore bufobagana busa n’ibara ry’ibihogo ryijimye cyangwa umukara, bikunda kuza cyane cyane mu ngingo z’igiti cyangwa ahakomeretse. Ibi bishobora gufata igiti cya puwavuro ku cyiciyo cya nyuma cy’ikura ry’indwara. Habaho guhindura ibara mu gice cy’imbere mu giti
rigasa n’ikijuju cyijimye bishobora no gukwirakwira ahantu hanini. Uko gukomereka gushobora kuzana ububembe buto buto busa n’ibara rya oranje yoroheje, bungana na (<1 mm z’ umurambararo), buterwa n’uduhumyo.
Ifoto: Ububembe bwirabura ku giti cya puwavuro Ibikomere byirabura bizengurutse umutwe
w’urubuto rwa puwavuro
Guhangana n’indwara
Kubora k’indiba y’urubuto
Kubora kw’indiba y’imbuto bishoboa gutera igihombo gikabije ku musaruro wa puwavuro, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z’igihembwe cy’ihinga. Kutavomerara ku buryo buhoraho no kubura kwa karisiyumu bishobora guhungabanya inyanya, puwavuro, Konkombure n’intoryi bigatuma imbuto zibora indiba. Iyi ndwara rusange ikunda guterwa no gukururumba gutewe n’ifumbire nyinshi, igipimo cy’umunyu kiri hejuru ndetse no kumagara k’ubutaka.
Ibimenyetso: Kubora k’indiba z’imbuto ni ihungabana ry’igihingwa rituma gihinduka kikijima, kikanacukuka ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’urubuto ku bihingwa nk’inyanya, puwavuro, n’intoryi. Kuri puwavuro, ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara bishobora no kugaragara mu mpande z’urubuto hafi y’agasongero. Ibibara byayo bikunda kuba ari ikijuju, igaju cyangwa umukara ariko ntibigomba kwitiranywa n’iby’uburwayi bwo kubabuka butera igihingwa kweruruka cyangwa kubengerana. Mikorobi zitera ubu burwayi zishobora kugaruka ku nshuro ya kabiri zigafata ahasanzwe harwaye bityo bigatera urubuto rwose kubora.
Ifoto: Kubora k’indiba y’urubuto rwa puwavuro
Kubera ko iyi indwara ifata puwavuro ziterwa na kamere y’icyi gihingwa, gutera imiti yica udukoko ntacyo byamara mu rwego rwo guhangana n’indwara. Inama zigirwa umuhinzi ni izi zikurikira:
Guhitamo gutera imbuto z’ubwoko budapfa kwandura igihe bishoboka
Ikirutera: Uduhumyo twitwa Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana), ni ibyuririzi bifata ku buryo bworoshye igihingwa kitameze neza, cyangiritse cyangwa ibice by’igihingwa byo hejuru y’ubutaka. Ubu burwayi bukunda kwibasira cyane ibihingwa byatewe mu mazu bahingamo ariko bushobora no gufata ibihingwa biteye mu mirima isanzwe. Igice cyose cya puwavuro cyo hejuru y’ubutaka gishobora gufatwa n’ubu burwayi ariko kenshi na kenshi uburwayi bukunda gufata indabo zitangiye guhonga cyangwa imbuto zangijwe n’ubushyuhe bw’izuba.
Udutwiko tw’uduhumyo dutera urubobi (spores conidia) twororoka mu gihe cyose cy’ikura ry’igihingwa, mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe butandukanye ndetse n’igihe cy’ubuhehere. Ikirere cyiza ni dogere 68°F ariko uduhumyo dushobora kororoka hagati ya dogere 50° na 80°F), ubuhehere bukabije ndetse n’amazi areka ku buso bw’ibihingwa na byo byorohereza indwara gufata puwavuro kimwe n’ingemwe zicukitse ndetse n’uburyo bwo kuvomerera butuma ibihingwa bitinda kumuka.
Urubuto rwa puwavuro ruriho urubobi Urubobi cyangwa uduhumyo tuza ku dushami
rurebewe hejuru, Cynthia M. Ocamb, 2012. bishobora gutuma urubuto rupfa
Ibimenyetso: Mbere na mbere ibimenyetso bigaragara kuri ndabo, ku mbuto zakomeretse cyangwa ku mababi atangiye guhonga; bitangira ari ibikomere byijimye, binyenya amazi, nyuma ibice byafashwe bigahinduka igaju ivanze n’ikijuju kandi bisa n’ibitumuka uko mikorobi zigenda ziyongera.
Kurinda igihingwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinga
Kuvura uburwayi bwa puwavuro hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire
Uruhumbu ni indwara itera kurumbya umusaruro wa puwavuro ku buryo bugaragara. Uduhumyo dutera iyo ndwara twihisha mu buryo bwinshi tugakwirakwizwa na za mikorobi zizanwa
n’umuyaga. Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara ku gihingwa cya puwavuro.
Ibimenyetso
Ibimenyetso by’ibanze by’indwara y’ibifu bitumuka ku gihingwa cya puwavuro ni ukwiyongera kw’ibifu by’umweru biva ku duhumyo mu gipande cyo hasi cy’amababi naho hejuru ku mababi hakagira ibara ry’icyatsi cyerurutse kijya kuba umuhondo (Ifoto 1). Uko igihe gihita, ibyo bice bihindura ibara bigasa n’igaju maze ibice byafashwe n’uburwayi bikihuza, nyuma ikibabi cyose kigahinduka umuhondo. Udutwe tw’amababi dushobora kwihinahina tureba hejuru. Amababi akuze yo hasi ni yo abanza kwandura no kugaragaza ibimenyetso byo kwandura mbere y’amababi akiri mashya. Amababi yafashwe ahunguka ku giti mbere y’igihe. Uko gutakaza ibice by’amababi bikerereza igihingwa gukura bikanabuza ukwirema kw’imbuto. Guhunguka kw’amababi kandi gutuma imbuto zitara ku rumuri rw’izuba bityo bikaba byatuma zotswa n’ubushyuhe bw’izuba.
Ifoto: uruhumburwera ku mababi ya puwavuro
Kurinda igihingwa
Urumuri rukeya n’ubuhehere bukabije biri mu bitera kororoka kw’indwara y’uduhumyo itera uruhumbu ku gihingwa cya puwavuro. Uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga bushobora kugabanya ibyo bibazo bufasha kugabanya ubukana bw’iyo ndwara. Ni byiza guhitamo umurima wayoborewe amazi neza kandi ugeramo umwuka uhagije. Kudatera ingemwe zicucitse no gutera ku mirongo kugira ngo umwuka winjire neza n’urumuri rubashe gucengera mu rugara rw’amababi. Ni byiza kwirinda gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zikabije ubwinshi kuko zitera ibihingwa kugunduka bigatuma amababi ahinduka nk’igihuru. Mu gihe ubuhinzi bukorewe mu nzu zabugenewe, ni byiza kongera igipimo cy’ubushyuhe mu nzu kuko bigabanya igipimo cy’ubuhehere bityo bikagabanya kororoka kw’indwara.
Uburyo bwa kabiri bwo kwirinda indwara y’u’uruhumbu ku mababi ya puwavuro ni ugutera imiti yica udukoko. Hariho amoko atandukanye y’imiti yica udukoko mu rwego rwo kurwanya indwara y’uruhumbu ku mababi ya puwavuro. Nyamara intera yagombye kuba mbere y’isarura iba itandukanye kuko igihingwa gifata ikindi gihe cyo kwisubira. Uburyo bwemewe bwo guhangana n’uburyo igihingwa cyanga imiti yica udukoko bugomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo hirindwe iyororoka ry’udukoko tudapfa kwicwa n’imiti.
Gutera imiti bigira akamaro cyane mu gihe ibimenyetso by’indwara byagaragaye mbere y’igihe no kuba imiti yatewe neza ku mababi yose. Gutera umuti bigombwa gukorwa mbere y’uko ibimenyetso by’indwara bigaragara, kuko indwara ubwayo bitoroshye kuyihashya igihe yamaze gufata igihingwa. Gutera umuti bwa mbere byagombye gukorwa bishingiye ku gihe iyo ndwara
yagaragaye mu karere. Igipimo cy’umuti uterwa n’imbaraga uteranwa bijyanye n’ubwoko bw’umuti bigomba kuba bihagije ku buryo bigera no ku mababi yo hasi ndetse no ku gice cyo munsi ku mababi aho uburwayi bufata.
Ruyongobezamimero ni indwara iterwa mbere na mbere n’uduhumyo twitwa Pythium spp. Ingemwe zikimera zafashwe n’iyi ndwara ntabwo zizamuka mu butaka cyangwa se ziraba zikizamura imitwe mu butaka. Agati kazo kaba kijimye muri rusange kandi kagwingiriye mu butaka. Muri rusange iyi ndwara iboneka cyane mu turere imiyoboro y’amazi mu mirima ari nkene cyangwa se mu butaka bukomeye, ariko umurima wose ushobora gufatwa cyane cyane mu gihe imbuto zatewe mbere y’igihe zigahura n’imvura.
Ifoto:Ruyongobezamimero kuri Ifoto: Ruyongobezamimero ku ngemwe za puwavuro
puwavuro zikimera
Ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara ku gihingwa cya puwavuro harimo kurabirana cyangwa gupfa burundu kw’igihingwa. Kwitegereza witonze imizi cyangwa igihimba cya puwavuro ni ngombwa kugira ngo ubone neza icyateye indwara. Iyi ndwara ishobora gufata igihingwa cya puwavuro mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy’imikurire. Ari imizi y’ingenzi ari n’utuzi duto duto dushamitseho tugaragara nk’utwinamye mu mazi, ibibara by’igaju yijimye inyuma n’ imbere.
Mu bintu bishobora gutera iyororoka ry’indwara ya Ruyongobezamimero no kubora kw’imizi n’igihimba bya puwavuro mu gihe runaka cy’ihinga harimo gutera ubwoko butihanganira indwara, igipimo cy’amazi n’inshuro zo kuvomerera, gukomera k’ubutaka n’uburyo bwo kuvomerera. Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, kuyobora neza amazi mu murima no gutera ingemwe nzima ni ingenzi cyane mu guhangana n’iyi ndwara. Imirima yaba yaragaragayemo indwara yo kubora imizi n’igihimba iba igomba guterwamo imiti yica uduhumyo mu gihe cyo gutera.
Birashoboka kurwanya iyi ndwara ku buryo bwizewe bukurikira:
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