Ibijumba
RWA 
ENGAmoko y’ibijumba
1. IRIBURIRO
Mu Rwanda ibijumba byatangiye guhingwa kuva mu mwaka w’1962, ubwo i Karama ( Bugesera) hari hamaze kugera ibijumba byo mu bwoko bwa Karolina (Caroline Lee), byaje biturutse muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (Zaire), nk’uko byanditswe na Nagant, (1962). Mu 1968, ubundi bwoko bushya bwitwa Mugenda bwatangiye guhingwa i Rubona, na none buturutse muri Kongo (RDC).
Ibijumba bishobora guhingwa hose mu Rwanda kugeza kuri m 2300 z’ubutumburuke. Ariko kuva kuri m.1900 z’ubutumburuke, ibyiza ni ukubisimbuza ibirayi. (ISAR, 1988). Ibijumba ntibigora ku byerekeye ubutaka, ariko bitanga umusaruro mwiza iyo babiteye mu butaka bworoshye, busoma kandi butarimo umunyungugu wa azote nyinshi.
Ubushyuhe bungana n’igipimo cy 22oC kugeza kuri 30oC ni bwiza ku bijumba. Ubushyuhe bwa nijoro buri munsi y’igipimo cya 20oC butuma ibijumba bishora. Ibijumba bishaka amazi acengera mu butaka angina na mm. 60 igihe cyose bimara mu murima. Ibijumba byihanganira cyane igihe cy’izuba nubwo ryaba rikaze.
2. Amoko y’ibijumba
Kuva mu mwaka wa 1968 amoko arindwi y’ibijumba yatangiye guhingwa mu Rwanda. Ayo ni: Nyirakayenzi, Rukocoka, Gahungezi, Nyiramujuna, Nsulira, Kigingo na Bukarasa. Nyuma hiyongereyeho andi moko y’ibijumba ariyo: Mugande, Wadada, Karebe,Rusenya, Nsasagatebo, K 51/3261, TIS 2544, Turatugure, na Rutambira. Uko imyaka igenda ihita indi igataha niko hagiye hiyongera izindi mbuto za kijyambere zikungahaye kuri vitamin A. Muri zo twavuga: Ndamirabana, Terimbere, Giramata, Ukerewe, Kabode, Vita, Cacearpedo na Gihingumukungu, bivugwa ko zimwe muri zo zakuwe mu bihugu by’ibituranyi nka Tanzania, Kenya na Uganda.
Gutegura umurima w’ibijumba
Gutegura neza umurima cyangwa ubutaka bisaba gukuramo cyangwa gutaba ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa cyangwa ibyatsi byaba biri mu murima bishobora gucuranwa nintungabihingwa n’ibijumba. Bahinga bageza isuka hasi cyangwa bagahingisha imashini.
Umurima wo guhingamo ibijumba utegurwa iyo imvura yaguye igasomya ariko ariko ubuyaka butarasaya. Guhinga ubutaka bwumagaye cyangwa bwasaye byangiza imitere y’ubutaka, bigatua amazi adahita neza kandi ubutaka ntibuhumeke, bugahomera byarangira bukiyasa maze imungu zikinjiramo ndetse n’isuri ikaba yabwibasira.
Nyuma yo gutabira, bashinga amayogi (amabimba). Abahinzi bakunda amayogi bakoresha ibikoresho byabo n’intoki. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe bakoresha imitabo migari yigiye hejuru. Mu butaka bw’isi ndende kandi buseseka bashobora guhinga imigozi mu murima ushashe. Amayogi aba afite cm 30 kugeza kuri cm 45 z’uburebure, bukaba bwakwiyongera igihe haguye imvura nyinshi cyane ubutaka burimo amazi menshi hagamijwe korohereza amazi guhita.
Gutera imbuto y’ibijumba
Iyo utera imigozi, ukoresha ingeri zireshya na cm 30 , ugasiga cm 30 hagati y’ingeri n’indi na cm 80 hagati y’amayogi
Ingeri z’imigozi Gutera ingeri z’imigozi ku mitabo
Gukorera igihindwa cy’ibijumba
1. Kubagara no gusukira
Iyo imigozi imaze kumera, bashobora kuyibagara bavanamo ibyatsi bibi cyangwa se gusibura amayogi/amabimba nyuma yo gushyiramo ifumbire y’ibanze cyangwa se kwirinda ko imungu zakwibasira imigozi n’ibijumba. Babagara igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Nyamara ariko gusesereza ubutaka ku mayogi bigomba kwirindwa uko bishoboka kugira ngo wirinde gukomeretsa imizi.
2. Gukoresha amafumbire
Umuhinzi akoresha ifumbire y’imborera kugira ngo ibijumba bikure neza. Nyamara aho bashobora gukoresha amafumbire mvaruganda, ni byiza gukoresha arimo imyunyungugu ya Fosifori na Potasiyumu. Mafumbire akungahaye ku munyungugu wa Azote ntugomba gukoreshwa kuko utuma amababi abyibuha ntugire icyo umarira ibijumba.
Indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ibijumba
Indwara
Ukubemba : Ni indwara iterwa na virusi. Ibimenyetso byayo ni amababi ahinduka umuhondo, ingingo z’umugozi zikaba ngufi, amababi ata ireme akihinahina, imitsi y’ibibabi ikabonerana. Uko bayirwanya ni gutera imigozi itarwaye baciye ku moko yihanganira indwara. Kurandura no gutwika imigozi yafashwe.
Akabuzarya : Gukongoka (Alternaria salam). Ibimenyetso byayo biboneka ku mababi no ku duti hazaho amabara y’uruziga ahekeranye (cyangwa maremare) asa n’ikigina. Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya ni bumwe n’ubwavuzwe haruguru.
Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’akabuzarya ku kibabi cy’umugozi
Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya:
- Gutwika cyangwa kuvana mu murima ibisigazwa byose by’imigozi nyuma yo gusarura;
- Gutera imbuto y’imigozi idafatwa cyangwa yihanganira indwara iyo ziboneka
- Gutera imbuto zitarwaye.
2. Ububembe : Ni indwara iterwa na virusi z’ubwoko bubiri. Ni indwara ya kabiri mu z’ingezi zibasira igihingwa cy’ibijumba ku mugabane wa Afurika.
Ibimenyetso byayo ni ukugwingira n’amababi ata ireme akihinahina. Iyi ndwara ibanya umusaruro ku buryo bugaragara.
Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya
- Gutera imbuto zitanduye virusi
- Kurandura no gutwika imigozi yafashwe.
- Ibyonnyi
Kagungu (Acraea acerata) n’ Imungu (Cylas sp.). Ibimenyetso: Kagungu zirya amababi agakongoka (rimwe na rimwe ashiraho). Imungu na zo zicukura imyobo mu bijumba.
Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya:
Kagungu: gutoragura ibinyugunyugu bya kagungu bikiri mu cyari no kubitwika. Iyo imigozi byafashwe cyane, bateramo imiti: litiro 1 y’umuti wa Thiodan 35% E.C. cyangwa Sumithion 50% E.C, cyangwa Malathion 50% E.C. kuri hegitari (cc20 muri litiro 20 z’amazi aterwa kuri ari 1).
- Cyoya iterwa n’udukoko duto cyane ( Acaria sp.)
Igaragazwa n’ubwoya bwinshi bw’umweru buza ku migozi y’ibijumba kandi iyi ndwara ishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye ku musaruro.
Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya:
- Guhitamo imbuto itarwaye,
- Kwita ku murima no kuwugirira isuku.
GUSARURA
Bitewe n’ubwoko, nyuma y’amezi 4 kugeza kuri 5, ibijumba biba byeze neza. Mubuhinzi bwa gakondo aho ibijumba bihingirwa kuribwa gusa, ibijumba bishobora gusarurwa buhoro buhoro uko bikenewe. Ibijumba bishobora gukurwa barandura imigozi bakoresheje intoki cyangwa bagakoresha isuka ariko bakigengesera kugira ngo badkomeretsa ibijumba. Bagenda bakura ibyo bakeneye gusa. Ariko ibijumba byera vuba akenshi bimungwa vuba, naho mu gihe cy’imvura ibijumba bitangira kubora nyuma y’amezi 8. Birinda gutema ibijumba igihe babikura. Iyo ibihumba byahingiwe kugurishwa ku isoko cyangwa se ari igihe cy’izuba, umurima w’ibijumba ushobora gukurirwa rimwe.
Gufata neza umusaruro w’ibijumba
- GUHUNIKA
Usibye kubibika mu murima mu mpeshyi, ubundi ibijumba byangirika vuba. Babisuka hasi ahantu humutse, hatagera urumuri rwinshi ku bushyuhe kuva kuri dogere 12 kugeza kuri 14.
Mu bihugu biteye imbere, bashobora kubitaba mu mwobo ushashemo ibyatsi, ariko bishobora kubora vuba bitewe n’uko aho bibitse hatari umwuka uhagije kandi hatagera umuyaga.
Bashobora kandi kubyubakira udutara (urutara), kugira cyangwa kubihunika mu bitebo kugira ngo bibone umwuka kandi babirinde kubora, ariko na bwo iyo bihatinze bitangira kumera, bityo bikagenda byangirika. Ibijumba rero ntibishobora guhunikwa igihe kirenze amezi 2.
- GUTUNGANYA IBINDI BIRIBWA MU BIJUMBA
Ibijumba byangirika vuba kandi kubihunika biragoye. Nyamara ariko, ibijumba bishobora gutegurwamo ibindi biribwa byabasha guhunikwa igihe kirekire. Ibyo biribwa ahanini bitegurwa mu ifu y’ibijumba ni za biswi, imigati, amandazi, imitobe, amafiriti n’ibindi….
