Inanasi

Uko bategura umurima w’Inanasi

• Kurwanya isuri mu murima
• Guhinga neza umurima
• Gupima uturima tuzaterwamo inanasi n’utuyira
• Gupima ahazaterwa ibishibu by’inanasi mu turima
• Gufumbira

Guhitamo no gutera Imbuto ku nanasi

• Gutubura ingemwe hakoreshejwe ibishibu
• Gutubura ingemwe hakoreshejwe isunzu
• Gutubura ingemwe muri laboratwari(Tissu culture)
• Uburyo bwo gusatagura uruti
• Uburyo bwo gutema
• Uburyo bwo gusatagura uruti
• Uburyo bwo gutema

Uburyo bwa 1: Bukorwa iyo igitsinsi cy’inanasi gipima hagati ya 1,8 na 2.2kg. Ubu buryo butuma umuhinzi adasarura urubuto na rumwe rw’inanasi. Uruti rw’inanasi rutemerwa kuri cm 40-50 uvuye ku butaka igice cyo hejuru kikajugunywa. Ibice by’ibibabi byasigaye birekerwa ku ruti kugirango ruzatange ibishibu.

Uburyo bwa kabiri: Ubu buryo butuma umuhinzi asarura rimwe gusa ariko bugatanga n’ibishibu byinshi. Ibi bikorwa nyuma y’isarura rya mbere. Bakoresha umupanga cyangwa ikindi cyuma bagatemera ku burebure buhagije ku buryo batangiza ibishibu byo hasi. Ukwezi nyuma yo kubagara batangira gusarura ibishibu bishobora gusarurwa kugeza ku ncuro 8. Ibi bikomeza gukorwa kugeza amezi 12 ashize. Ibishibu bisarurwa bifite nibura gr 224 kugeza kuri 672.

.Uburyo bwa gatatu: Ureka inanasi ikera kabiri hanyuma ugatema nk’uko utema ku buryo bwa    kabiri. Ubu buryo ntibuhenze kandi butanga ibishibu byinshi kandi vuba.

Muri ubu buryo ibishibu bisarurwa kuri nyina iyo bimaze kugera ku rugero rwifuzwa, hakoreshejwe intoki, hanyuma bigatoranywa hakurikijwe uburemere bwabyo bikajya guterwa nk’uko byerekanywe haruguru.

Igihe cyo guhinga inanasi

Umuhinzi atera inanasi mu gihe cy’imvura y’umuhindo, ni ukuvuga mu mezi ya Nzeli, Ukwakira n’Ugushyingo. Ibi bituma ibona amazi ahagije igihe kirekire. Inanasi zishobora no guterwa mu gihe cy’itumba ni ukuvuga mu mezi ya werurwe na mata ariko zihita zihura n’izuba ryo mu cyi rigatuma zidakura neza.Ibishibu biterwa bitsindagirwa mu mwenge waciwe mu bujyakuzimu buri hagati ya cm 8 na cm 10. Umuhinzi yirinda kubitaba cyane no kubirereka hejuru. Ubutaka bugomba gutwikira aho wacukuye hose bityo bigatuma imizi izahita iturika igatangira kugaburira igishibu wateye. Igishibu kandi kigomba gushingwa gihagaze neza.

Nyuma yo gutera, ni ngombwa rwose gusasira utuyira kugira ngo wirinde ko hazamera ibyatsi.

Kwita ku gihingwa cy’Iinanasi

• Gufumbira: Kubera ko umuhinzi aba yarashyize mu murima w’inanasi amafumbire nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, gufumbira inanasi ziri mu murima bigamije kuzongerera imyunyu ya Azoti (N2) na Potasi (K2O) igihe hagaragaye ko ziyikeneye.
• Gufata neza igihingwa:Nyuma yo gutera inanasi ubundi nta mirimo ivunanye isabwa cyane cyane iyo wateye kuri plasitki yirabura nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru. Nyamara kugirango uzabone umusaruro mwiza kandi ku bihe abaguzi bifuriza inanasi ni ngombwa kuzikorera ibi bikurikira :

• Gusura kenshi umurima: Ni ngombwa ku muhinzi wa kijyambere gusura umurima we w’inanasi kugira ngo arebe icyo ukeneye. Indwara n’ibyonnyi byaba bitangiye kubifata agatabarira bugufi nta kironona umusaruro aba ategereje.
• Kurwanya ibyatsi byimeza mu murima

Kuva ugitera inanasi kugeza mu musaruro wa kabiri, umurima ugomba guhora buri gihe ufite isuku. Umuhinzi agomba rero guhora akuramo ibyatsi byose, haba mu mirongo cyangwa mu tuyira. Ku bahinzi babigize umwuga mu kurwanya ibyatsi uretse kubiranduza intoki cyangwa isuka bakoresha n’imiti yabigenewe. Mu gutegura umurima bashobora no gukoresha imiti ya kabuhariwe (Aminitriazol, paraquat, glyphosate, dalapan na Bromacil ku gipimo cya kg 2 kugeza kuri kg 5 kuri hegitari 1.

• Kwihutisha irabya ry’inanasi

Mu buryo busanzwe inanasi irabya mu bihe by’iminsi y’amanywa magufi kandi iyo minsi ikaba ifutse. Ariko ubu havumbuwe imiti itera inanasi kurabya igihe bikenewe. Kwihutisha irabya ry’inanasi bituma umuhinzi abona mu musaruro inanasi zifite uburemere yifuza. Iyo uteye umuti wo kurabisha mu gihe inanasi yari hafi yo kurabya, ubona urubuto runini naho uwuteye inanasi itarageza igihe cyo kurabya ubona urubuto rutoya. Ibyo kandi bituma ku nanasi zifite ikigero kimwe zishobora gusarurirwa rimwe ku murima umwe. Imiti ishobora gukoreshwa ni amoko atanu (5) ariyo aya akurikira :

• Asetilene (Acetylène)
• Etilène
• Etefo

• Gusimburanya no kuvanga inanasi n’ibindi bihingwa

Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru nyuma y’umusaruro wa kabiri ni ngombwa kwimura inanasi zigaterwa mu wundi murima. Ahavuye inanasi hahingwa nk’uko byavuzwe ibinyamisogwe kuko birwanya inzoka z’ibihingwa kandi bigaha ubutaka umunyu wa Azoti. Muri ibyo binyamusogwe ndumburabutaka twavuga nka Crotalariya, imikunde, teforoziya n’ibindi……Iyo ushaka kuzakoresha uwo murima mu gihe cya vuba wasimbuza inanasi mukuna, vese cyangwa soja.

Indwara n’ uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko n’ibyonnyi ku nanasi

Inanasi zifatwa n’indwara ziterwa na mikorobe ndetse n’iziterwa n’ibura ry’imyunyu ngugu imwe n’imwe mu butaka. Izo ni indwara ziterwa n’ibura ry’Azoti, fosifori na kalisiyumu mu butaka (maladies phyisiologiques). Ibindi bisa n’uburwayi ni uguhindura ibara. Uko guhindura ibara ku bice by’ibihingwa biterwa n’ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa buke, bibabura urubuto rw’inanasi. Izindi ndwara zikunze gufata inanasi ni izi zikurikira :

1. Kirabiranya (pourriture du coeur et des racines/heart and root rot)
2. Ikiyitera: Kirabiranya y’inanasi iterwa n’agahumyo (imiyege) kitwa Phytophtora spp

1. Aho ifata: uruti rw’inanasi, imizi, n’aho amababi afatiye ku ruti rw’inanasi.
2. Ibimenyetso: Uruti, amababi n’aho amababi afatiye ku ruti birabora. Ibi bishobora gutuma inanasi yumayose.

1. Icyitonderwa:

Utwo duhumyo twibera mu butaka tukinjira mu mababi akiri mato y’inanasi. Iyo ndwara iboneka cyane cyane mu butaka bufite ubusharire (pH) burenze 5.5-6.0. Ishobora no kwinjira mu nanasi igihe cyo guhatira inanasi kurabya hakoreshejwe carbure de calcium.

1. Uko bayirwanya

• Gutera inanasi mu murima ukamuyemo amazi ku buryo bwiza
• Gutera inanasi mu turima tw’imitabo
• Kwinika ibishibu mu muti wica uduhumyo mbere yo kubitera (urugero umuti witwa fosetyl)
• Gutera imiti ku mababi buri mezi atatu kugera kuri 6 cyane • cyane ku nanasi zigikura hakoreshwa fosetyl cyangwa Captafol. Ushobora gukoresha kandi Dithane cyangwa Ridomil.

1. Ububore bwirabura bw’ibishibu cyangwa urubuto rw’inanasi (pourriture noire des rejets/ base rot, butt rot)

1. Ikiyitera : Agahumyo (umuyege) kitwa Thielaviopsis paradoxa
2. Aho ifata : Ibishibu, urubuto rw’inanasi
3. Ibimenyetso:Ahakomeretse ku bishibu cyangwa ku mababi harabora maze hakirabura.
4. Icyitonderwa:Ugufatwa k’urubuto bitangira mu gihe cyo gusarura cyangwa mu gihe cyo kuzishyira mu makarito cyangwa ibisanduku kugira ngo zoherezwe mu bucuruzi. Utwo duhumyo tuzanwa n’umuyaga tuva ahantu haboreye ibisigazwa by’inanasi mu murima cyangwa hafi y’aho bazishyira mu bisanduku.
5. Uko bayirwanya :
   • Gutwara neza imbuto z’inanasi wirinda kuzitura hasi cyangwa – kuzikomeretsa ;
   • Kugirira isuku aho ubika imbuto z’inanasi n’aho uzitunganyiriza mu – kuzipfunyika
   • Gutera umuti wica uduhumyo amasaha atanu mbere yo kuzipfunyika – aho wakatiye inanasi uyisarura. Aha wakoresha umuti witwa Imidazole cyangwa Triadiméphone.
   • Kwihutira gushyira inanasi isaruwe ahantu hafite ubukonje bwa dogere – 8 (8°C) mbere yo kuzijyana ahandi.
   • Gushyira ku zuba ibishibu by’inanasi mbere yo kuzitera.
6. Ububore bw’ikijuju mu maso y’inanasi (fruitlet, black rot, pourriture brune des yeux)
7. Ikiyitera : Agahumyo kitwa Penicillium funiculosum, gafatanyije na fusarium moniliforme
8. Aho ifata : Ifata urubuto rw’inanasi
9. Uko bayirwanya : Kugeza ubu nta miti irashyirwa ahagaragara n’ubushakashatsi

IBYONNYI

1. Utumatirizi tugira ifu

1. Icyonnyi : Akamatirizi kitwa Dysmicosus brevipes
2. Uko kangiza igihingwa: Ako kamatirizi gashyira mu mababi ubumara kandi ni nako gakwirakwiza indwara ya Virus yitwa wilt

1. Ibimenyetso :

Inanasi ibanza gutukura, nyuma mu gihe cya vuba ikuma nk’iyafashwe na kirabiranya.

1. Uko bayirwanya :

• Gutaba cyangwa gutwika ibisigazwa by’umusaruro mu gihe utegura aho uzahinga inanasi
• Gutera imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo uvaneho utumatirizi n’inshishi mu murima w’inanasi
• Gutera umuti ibishibu by’inanasi mbere yo kubitera
• Gutera umuti w’amazi inanasi ziteye mu murima hakoreshwa imiti nka – Parathion 0,2% cyangwa Malathion 0,8%

1. Muhuhirizi y’umweru

Ni utuyoka dufite utuguru twinshi cyane bita maguru ijana (igihuhabana)Hanceniella ivorensisI     ikibera mu butaka

1. Uko zangiza igihingwa :

Kwangiza imizi y’inanasi ikiri mito zikayibuza kuvoma amazi n’imyunyu ngugu.

1. Ibimenyetso : kuyongobera kw’inanasi mu murima
2. Uko bazirwanya :

Iyo umuhinzi abona hari inanasi nyinshi zigenda zifatwa, mu kurwanya izo muhuhirizi akoresha imiti y’udusaro yica udukoko ataba mu butaka. Hakoreshwa nka Fonofos, Lindane, Ethiprophos cyangwa se Dursban granule.

1. Ibishorobwa (Vers blanc)

1. Icyonnyi : ni igishorobwa cya Heteronychus spp
2. Aho bifata : Birya imizi y’inanasi
3. Uko babirwanya :

• Kubitoragura no kubyica•
• Gutera imiti ikwirakwira mu butaka ikica udukoko (urugero : • dursban granulé)

1. Inzoka (amashanya) z’ibihingwa (Nematodes ):
   • Pratylenchus brachyrus na Meloidogyne spp) zishobora kugabanura umusaruro w’inanasi kugeza kuri 50%.

1. Ibimenyetso : Inanasi ntikura neza, iragwingira
2. Uko bazirwanya :
   • Kwinika ibishibu mu miti irwanya inzoka z’ibihingwa mbere yo kubitera : (urugero : Carbofuran, phénamiphos)
   • Gusimburanya inanasi n’ibinyamisogwe bigabanya ku buryo : bugaragara izo nzoka
   • Gutera imiti yica inzoka z’ibihingwa (kuyitera mu butaka) twavuga:DBCP, EDB cyangwa DD inanasi zimaze gufata hagaterwa incuro ebyiri (2) n’umuti witwa DBCP cyangwa Phénamiphos.

Gusarura inanasi

Iyo ahatewe inanasi hujuje ibyangombwa byavuzwe haruguru, Ibishibu bitewe bifite uburebure bwa cm 30-35 byera hashize amezi 18. Igishibu kirengeje ubwo burebure cyera mu mezi ari munsi ya 18 kandi kikera urubuto ruto. Inanasi yera nyuma y’amezi 6 yannye, ni ukuvuga nyuma y’amezi 12 kugeza kuri 24 itewe. Iyo umuhinzi yateye isunzu ry’inanasi yera hashize imyaka 2 ariko igatanga urubuto runini ( ibiro 3,5-4). Na none kwera vuba kw’inanasi biterwa n’ubwoko bw’igishibu umuhinzi yateye, ifumbire yashyize mu murima n’uko yakoreye inanasi ze.

Mu gusarura inanasi biterwa n’icyo uzakoresha umusaruro:

Iyo ari izo kohereza mu mahanga, uzisarura zitarahisha cyane; ni ukuvuga • zitangiye gufata ibara ry’umuhondo kuri ¼ cy’urubuto. Ntizigomba kurenza uburemere bwa kg1,5 kuko abaguzi bo mu burayi bakunda izifite uburemere buri hagati ya kg 1,3-1,5; ariko kandi ntizigomba kuba zifite isunzu rinini.

Iyo ari inanasi zo kugemura mu nganda zitunganya umusaruro • hasarurwa izahishije kugera kuri ¼ cy’urubuto kandi hakagemurwa izifite uburemere guhera kuri kg 1,8 kugeza kg 2. Iyo ari inanasi yo kugurisha ku masoko yo mu gihugu hasarurwa iyeze neza ni ukuvuga izirengeje ½ cy’inanasi cyahinduye ibara. Ku birebana n’uburemere hakurikizwa icyo abaguzi bifuza.

Kwita ku musaruro w’inanasi

Iyo umaze gusarura inanasi ni ngombwa kuzinyuza mu kintu kirimo amazi kugirango zitakaze ubushyuhe zivanye mu murima. Ayo mazi kandi ni ngombwa kuyazinyuzamo mbere gato y’uko uzipakira indege cyangwa mu bwato zizagendamo zijya kugurishwa iyo nta bindi byuma bikonjesha ufite. Amazi inanasi zinikwamo agomba kuba arimo umuti wica indwara z’uduhumyo.

Inansi zigomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe uburemere n’ubwiza bwazo. Inanasi zingana, zisa (zihishije ku rugero rumwe), z’ubwoko bumwe kandi zifite ibara rimwe zigomba gushyirwa mu gikarito kimwe.

Kugirango inanasi zitabora cyangwa ngo zitakaze ibara ryazo ni ngombwa kuzitera imiti ikurikira:

•  Umuti wa Dowicide A uvanze ku rugero rwa garama 7 muri litiro y’amazi uterwa inanasi ukazirinda gufatwa n’indwara. Umuti utuma inanasi zigumana ibara ryazo
• wax (nk’umushongi w’ibishashara cyangwa wa bougie. Uyu muti uba urimo polyethylene/paraffin. Ibi birinda ibikomere kandi bikagabanya gutakaza amazi kw’inanasi yamaze gusarurwa.

Ibi iyo birangiye inanasi zipakirwa mu makarito y’ubwoko bubiri butandukanye:

• Hari amakarito manini atwarwamo ibiro 20 akajyamo inanasi ziri hagati – ya 10 na 16
• Hari amakarito mato atwarwamo ibiro 10 ajyamo inanasi ziri hagati ya 5 – na 6.

Inanasi zibikwa ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 7 na 12°C n’ubuhehere buri hagati ya 90-95%. Iyo inanasi zo mu bwoko bwa Cayenne zibitswe gutya zishobora kugeza ku byumweru bine zitarangirika.