Marakuja

Gutegura umurima

Iyo umaze guhitamo neza ubutaka ugiye guhingamo amatunda, umurimo ukurikiraho ni ukubutunganya kugira ngo bubashe kwakira neza igihingwa mu mikurire yacyo. Ubuhumbikiro bugomba kuba butegeranye n`ibindi bihingwa byo mu bwoko bumwe n`amatunda n`ubutaka bukaba  bumeze neza kugira ngo bwakire imbuto zigiye guterwamo.

Iyo ubutaka bagiye guteramo amatunda ari bushyashya, ni ngombwa kubukiza ibihuru biri hafi aho n`ibishyitsi by`ibiti. Ni ngombwa guhinga ubutaka ku buryo buhangana n`isuri. Ni ngombwa kugeza isuka kure mu bujyakuzimu kugira ngo ibinonko bikomeye bimeneke. Amatunda agira imizi yinjira ikuzimu cyane, ni yo mpamvu mu gutegura ubutaka bisaba kugeza isuka hasi.

Ubutaka bugomba gukorwamo ubuhumbikiro bworoshye, bwigiye hejuru kandi bwakuwemo ibisigazwa byo mu murima byose. Ibi byorohera imbuto kumera ku buryo bworoshye n`ubuhumbikiro bukaba butunganye.

Gutunganya ubutaka bigamije kubworoshya ku buryo amazi yinjiramo neza kandi bukayafata, akayaga gakenewe kakinjiramo neza, n’imizi ikabasha kwinjira mu butaka no gukura.

Gutera amatunda

1Uburyo bwo gutera

Amatunda ashobora guterwa bahumbika imbuto, bakoresha ingeri cyangwa babangurira imbuto zatewe.

1.1. Guhumbika imbuto

Imbuto zikiri nshyashya ni zo ziba nziza kuko zimera vuba kurusha izimaze amezi arenga abiri. Mu gihe hakoreshejwe imbuto zishaje, zigomba kwinikwa mu mazi byibura umunsi wose kugira ngo bizazorohere kumera. Imbuto zitangira kumera mu byumweru 2-4. Ubusanzwe imbuto ziterwa mu mashashi ya cm 15 z`ubugari na cm 25 z`uburebure.

Imbuto eshatu zishyirwa mu gasashe kamwe hakazasigaramo rumwe nyuma y`amezi abiri. Izo ngemwe ziba zishobora gugemurwa ngo ziterwe ahabugenewe nyuma y`amezi 3-4. Icyo gihe ziba zifite cm 15-25 z`uburebure. Ingemwe zitangira kuzana uruyange nyuma y`amezi 5-7 zigemetse.

1. 2. Gutera hakoreshejwe ingiga

Utugiga dushyirwa mu butaka bw`urusenyi bukomeye, nyuma bakatugemurira mu masashi cyangwa mu buhumbikiro. Ingemwe zikura buhoro buhoro ku buryo bisaba amezi agera kuri 3-4 kugira ngo zigeze ku burebure bwemewe bwo kugemurwa bwa cm 15-25.

1. 3.Gutera hakoreshejwe kubangurira

Kubangurira bikoreshwa kenshi hagamijwe kwirinda uburwayi. Ubwoko bw`amatunda y`umuhondo ni bwo bukoreshwa kuko imizi yabwo yihanganira indwara.

2.Kugemura

Guhingira ubucuruzi bisaba guhinga ku mirongo  itandukanyijwe n`intera ya m 1.2-1.8 naho hagati y`umurongo n`undi hakaba intera ya m 3. icyo gihe ingemwe ziba zingana na 1900 – 2700 /H. Imyobo yo guteramo ya 45 x 45 x 45 cm  ishirwamo itaka ryo hejuru rivanze n`ibiro 10 by`ifumbire y`imborera cyangwa ifumbire isanzwe. Kugemura bikorwa mu ntangiriro y`igihe cy`imvura. Mu kugemeka, ubutaka bwegereye urugemwe bugomba gutsindagirwa  kugira ngo imizi ifate neza mu butaka. Ingemwe zigomba kandi kuvomererwa kugira ngo wizere ko imizi imera vuba n`igihingwa kikamera neza.

Igihe bateye hakoreshejwe kubanguria, urugemwe ntirugomba kugira aho ruhurira n`ubutaka byaba mu kurutera byaba nyuma yaho kugira ngo rurindwe ubwandu bw`indwara ziterwa n’uduhumyo.

Ni ngombwa gushinga ibiti amatunda azatondagiraho mbere yo gutera kugira ngo uko amatunda akura azabe yaramenyereye kurira ibyo biti.

Kwita ku gihingwa

1. Gufumbira no gukoresha inyongeramusaruro

Amatunda ni imbuto zikunda ko bazitaho kandi zikakira vuba ibizitunga byazikoreshejweho. Mu gihe cyo gutera ingemwe, muri buri mwobo uterwamo hashyirwamo kg 30 z`ifumbire kandi ikongerwamo buri mwaka. Gushyiramo inyongeramusaruro ku buryo buhoraho ni ngombwa kugira ngo umusaruro utubuke. Guteramo ifumbire ikomoka ku cyayi cyangwa cyangwa indi fumbire ikoze mu mababi y’ibimera bigomba gukorwa guhera mu kwezi kwa mbere kandi bigakorwa byibura buri mezi atatu nyuma y`aho.

2. Kubagara

Bidatinze amatunda yaramaze guterwa, kubagara byoroheje kandi bihoraho ni ngombwa. Mu gihe cyo kubagara ni ngombwa kubikora witonze kugira ngo udakomeretsa ingemwe. Gusasira ukurikiye imirongo cyangwa uzengurutse aho urugemwe rutereye birinda kumera kw`ibyatsi bibi bikanarinda imizi.

3. Gusasira

Gusasira bifasha kwirinda ibyatsi bibi bikanatuma ubuhehere buguma mu butaka. Iyo isaso iboze yongera uburumbuke mu butaka kandi igatuma ubutaka burushaho kuba bwiza.

4. Gukata amatunda

Gukata ni igikorwa cy`ingenzi mu buhinzi bw`amatunda kugira ngo igiti kigume ku murongo mwiza cye kurengera, byoroshya isarura, kandi bituma igiti cy`itunda gikura neza kikanatanga umusaruro mwiza. Ni ingenzi gukata igiti cy`itunda kubera impamvu zikurikira:

• Gukata biha igihingwa inzira gikurikira. Amashami abiri meza niyo asigara andi igakatwa.
• Gukata byongerera igihingwa umusaruro. Gutaka amashami azatanga izindi ngemwe bifasha mu kubona byihuse izindi ngemwe zo gutera.
• Gukata bituma hakurwaho amashami adatanga umusaruro, ayangiritse n`arwaye
• Bisazura igihingwa. Iyo igihingwa gikaswe ku burebure bwa cm 30, iyo umusaruro ubaye mubi kirongera kikamera kikazana andi mashami.

5. Kubakira itunda

Kubakira itunda ni ukubaka urufatiro igiti cy`itunda kizanyuraho gitondagira gikoresheje uburyo bwo kugaba amashami. Mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika byaragaragaye ko kubaka urufatiro rugiye umujyo umwe ari byo byiza.

Umugozi uziritse ku gasongero k`ipoto y`igiti gikomeye gifite cm 15 z’ umurambararo na m 3 z’uburebure, gitabye mu bujyakuzimu bungana na m 0.6. Ayo mapoto akaba atandukanyijwe na m 8.

Uruzitiro rugomba kubakwa igihe umurima ukimara guterwamo ingemwe kugira ngo igihimba cy`itunda gikomeye kizazirikwe ku mugozi hifashishijwe.

Mu gihe amatunda ageze ku mugozi ahindura icyerekezo akuririra ku rundi ruhande akurikiye uburebure bwawo. Andi mashami ari munsi y`umugozi arakatwa agakurwaho.

Guhangana n’indwara n’ibyonni

1. Ibibara by`ikigina(Alternaria passiflorae)

Indwara ikomeye ku isi yose ku matunda ni ibibara by`ikigina biza ku mababi, ku giti no ku mbuto. Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara by`ikigina bifata hagera  kuri mm 10 z`umurambararo ku mababi, kenshi bigakura bigana imbere mu giti bikumishamo imbere rwagati. Ku giti cy’itunda, ibyo bibara bigera kuri mm 30 z`uburebure kandi iyo bifashe munsi y`amababi bishobora kwica itunda ryose. Ku rubuto, ibibara biza ari ikigina cyerurutse, bikoze uruziga kandi bicukura; kenshi na kenshi birihuza bikarema ikibara gikwiriye ahantu hanini maze bikarema udukoko twinshi tw`umutuku uvanze n`ikigina. Utwo dukoko tujya ku mababi, ku gihimba no ku mbuto  dukwirakwizwa n`imvura irimo imiyaga ihuha. Igihe ikirere gishyushye, hahehereye bituma iyo ndwara yiyongera.

Kuyirwanya:

• Ubwoko bw’amatunda y’umuhondo n`imvange ziyakomokaho  abasha kwihanganira iyi ndwara.
• Gusukura ubutaka (gutoragura no kumaraho imbuto zipfuye zigushije, amamabi se n’ibiti by`amatunda)
• Gukata amatunda kugira ngo ubucucike bugabanuke, bityo ubuhehere bugabanuke mu gihingwa.
• Mu gihe gikwiye, gutera imiti ikoze mu muringa. Mu gihe cy`ubuhehere, mu gihe amatunda akura vuba cyane, kugabanya intera iri hagati y’itera ry’umuti n’irindi kuva ku byumweru 2 cyangwa 3 kugira ngo wizere ko imimero mishya irinzwe bihagije.

2. Seputoriya (Septoria passiflorae)

 

Iyi ndwara ifata amababi, igihimba n`imbuto. Amababi yafashwe arihungura ku buryo bworoshye bikaba byanatuma n’uruyange ruhunguka. Ibyo bibara bishobora no kwirema ku gihimba ku burebure bwacyo. Ku mbuto hazaho ibibara by`ikijuju cyerurutse bizamo ududomo tw’umukara. Ibibara kenshi bigera aho bikihuza bigafata ahantu hanini ku rubuto. Imbuto zafashwa n’iyo ndwara zigenda zihisha ibice ibice. Ubukoko buterwa n’ utwo tudomo tw’umukara buhuhwa bujya ku giti byegeranye mu gihe cy`ubuhehere n’umuyaga bityo bikakwirakwiza vuba iyo ndwara. Iyo ndwara ikwirakwizwa n`imvura, urume no kuvomerera baturutse hejuru. Igihe cy’ubushyuhe n’igihe cy`ubuhehere byorohera ikwirakwiza ry`iyi ndwara.

Kuyirwanya:

Ingamba zo guhangana n’ndwara y`ibibara by`ikigina ni zimwe n`izo kurwanya indwara twabonye haruguru

3. Cyumya (Fussarium oxysporocum f-sp-passiflorae)

Ibimenyetso by`iyi ndwara ni amababi ahinduka umuhondo maze agace kegereye ku butaka k`igihingwa cyanduye kagahinduka ikigina kakanisatura mu burebure; umugozi w`itunda uruma bigakurikirwa no gupfa burundu kw`igihingwa cyose. Iyo urebye neza mu gihimba cyanduye usanga ibice by`imbere byarahinduye ibara bikaba ikigina.

Kuyirwanya:

• Ibice byanduye bigomba gukurwaho bigatwikwa.
• Gukuraho bwangu ibice byangiritse cyangwa gukuraho n`intoki ibice byanduye .
• Kudakoresha icyuma wakoresheje ukata ibihingwa byanduye ngo ugikoreshe ku bihingwa bizima.
• Gusukura ku ntangiriro y`igihingwa ntihabe ibyatsi bibi kuko bituma ubukoko butera indwara bukuriramo
• Gutera ku buryo bwo kubangurira amatunda y`umuhondo afite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu rwego rwo kwirinda.

4. Kirabiranya y’amatunda (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parastica)

Amababi yafashwe n`iyi ndwara asa n`ikigina cyerurutse gisa n`icyinitse mu mazi. Yihungura ku buryo bworoshye, bigatuma n`uruyange rwihungura. Ibice byafashwe by`igihimba bibanza gusa n`idoma nyuma bikazaba ikigina hejuru y`ihuriro ry’ishami ryabanguriwe n’igitsinsi. Bishobora kuzenguruka igihimba cyose bikagitera kuraba ko gupfa kw`igihingwa cyose.

Ibimenyeto by`iyi ndwara ku mbuto z`amatunda bigaragazwa n`ikibara kinini gisa n`ikinitse mu mazi. Imbuto zirwaye zihungura ku buryo bworoshye maze mu gihe cy`ubuhehere kigatwikirwa n`ikibara cy`umweru gikomeza gukuriramo ubukoko.

Ikindi kimenyetso ni ukubora kw`imizi. Ubwoko bw`amatunda asa n`idoma ndetse n`ay umuhondo bitandukanye mu buryo bufatwa n’indwara.  Ubwoko bw`umuhondo bwandura cyane kirabiranya iterwa n’udukoko twitwa P. cinnamoni, naho ubwoko busa n`idoma bukandura kirabiranya iterwa na P. nicotianae.

Ayo moko yombi y`imiyege ashobora gufata amatunda kandi agatuma imizi ibora, igihingwa kikumagara,  n`ubushye bw`amababi.  Mu ntangiriro, udukoko tw`imiyege duturuka mu butaka buhehereye bwo munsi y`igihingwa bugahehera cyane ku buryo urugara rw`amababi ruhabanuka.

Iyi ndwara itizwa umurindi n`igihe cy`ubuhehere n`umuyaga.

Kuyirinda:

• Gusukura ubutaka
• Gukata no kugira ibyatsi biteye munsi y`amatunda kugira ngo hagabanuke ubukoko bufata amababi yo hasi.
• Gutera imiti ikozwe mu muringa buri gihe cy`amezi 2-3 mu gihe cy` imvura bigabanya uburwayi mu bice byagaragaye ko iyi ndwara izahaza cyane
• Ibice byanduye bishobora guterwa umuti urwanya ubwo bukoko.

5. Indwara y’ububuye ( Passion fruit woodiness potyvirus: PWV)

Amababi yanduye agira amabara avanze akoze igishushanyo cy`icyatsi cyerurutse n`icyatsi kijimye kenshi na kenshi hakazamo n`ikibara cy`umuhondo werurutse. Rimwe na rimwe, utubara duto dusa n`impeta dushobora kugaragara ku buso bugana hejuru bw`ikibabi. Imbuto zanduye ziranyunkuka zigata ishusho isanzwe y`itunda, zikagira igihu gikomeye n’umwobo w`imbere muto. Iyo ukase urubuto rurwaye usanga uruhu rw`imbere rufite ibibara bw`ikigina. Hari ubwo udukoko dutuma urubuto rwanduye rwiyasa.

Iyi ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twitwa Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae n`ibyuma bakoreshaa bakata. Utu dukoko dutera indwara dushobora kwihisha mu nsina, mu bindi bihingwa no mu byatsi bibi.

Kuyirinda:

• Gukoresha ibikoresho by`ubuhinzi bisukuye
• Gusukura ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gukata
• Gutera ubwoko buvanze budapfa gufatwa n`indwara cyangwa ibitsinsi by`amatunda y`umuhondo
• Kurandura ibiti birwaye bikavanwa mu murima
• Kubagara neza
• Kwirinda guhinga urutoki cyangwa ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe hafi y`umurima w`amatunda
• Gucunga udukoko tuyitera.

6. Utumatirizi (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae)

Utumatirizi twangiza ibihingwa by`amatunda binyunyuza amatembabuzi yabyo bigatuma amababi yafashwe yizingazinga, yipfunyarika cyangwa abyimba, bigatuma igihingwa cyose gita isura yacyo. Utumatirizi dukwirakiwiza ubukoko butera uburwayi zikarema ibisa n`ubuki bipfukirana igihingwa bigatuma kibora ibyo bikagabanya ubushobozi bw’ikimera bwo guhumeka.

Kuyirinda:

• Gutera amatunda mu butaka bwiza buteguye neza, bwera, ariko ukirinda gushyiramo inyongeramusaruro nyinshi zirimo Azote kuko zituma igihingwa kigira umutobe mwinshi bityo bigakurura udukoko;
• Gukata amatunda mu rwego rwo kuyarinda kuba igihuru, kudaterana amatunda n`ibihingwa bicumbikira udukoko dutera indwara;
• Kongerera ubushobozi udukoko turya utumatirizi no gutera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka bigira indabo hafi y’umurima w’amatunda,
• Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ari uko  bibaye ngombwa, Lambda-Cyhalothrin,Cypermethrin,AmidaclopridAcetamipride, … ni yo yaba myiza, ku rugero rwa ml/kuri litiro y`amazi.

7. Udukoko twangiza amatunda

Udukoko (Thysanoptera sp.) dutera kugwingira kw`imbuto z`amatunda zikiri nto. Zitungwa n`amababi, indabyo n`imbuto. Ibice by`igihingwa byafashwe biruma. Indabyo zafashwe n`imbuto zikiri nto zigwa zirihungura. Imbuto zariwe n’utu dukoko zigira udukomere duto duto bigatera ubusembwa umusaruro w`amatunda igihe cyo kuyagurisha cyane cyane iyo ari agomba kugurishwa hanze y`igihugu.

Kuyirwanya:

• Kurandura burundu  ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa n’ibihingwa byimeza mu gihe cyo gutegura umurima uzahingwamo amatunda, kubirenzaho mu gihe cy’iginga, cyangwa kusasira kugira ngo iremwa ry’ubukoko rigabanuke.
• Gutera umuti wica ubukoko nka  Deltamethrin ku rugero rwa m1 kuri litiro y’amazi.
• Udukoko turwa utu twangiza turimo utwitwa  anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.) , imiswa n’ibitagangurirwa.

Gusarura amatunda

Imbuto z’matunda zigera igihe cyo gusarurwa nyuma y’amezi 8 zitewe. Ni byiza kureka amatunda akihanura ku giti ukayatora hasi ku butaka. Iyo amaze gukusanywa, ashyirwa mu cyumba gikonje, cyumutse kuri dogere 4-6°C ahari ubuhehere buri hejuru. Kugira ngo amatunda agaragare neza,  ni byiza kuyashyira ku gasashi ka pulasitiki. Imbuto zoherezwa mu mahanga zigomba gusarurwa mbere y’uko zihanura ku biti ariko zaramaze guhindura ibara neza zisa n’idoma. Umusaruro uri hagati ya Toni 15 na 20 kuri Hegitari

Kwita ku musaruro nyuma y’isarura

Imbuto z`amatunda biroroshye kuzitegura. Ushaka kurya amatunda ukatamo ibice bibiri mu burebure bwaryo, ugakuramo imbuto z`imbere ukoresheje ikiyiko. Iyo zikoreshejwe mu rugo, abantu benshi ntibigora bakuramo imbuto babiryana byose n`umutobe cyangwa bakazikoresha mu mvange y’imbuto  cyangwa bakazikoramo umutobe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe bakoramo umutobe bakoresheje igitambaro kimeze nk`akayunguruzo cyangwa bakazikamura bakoreshejwe icyuma gisya kugira ngo bakuremo imbuto. Hari ibyuma byabugenewe mu nganda zitunganya imitobe bikoreshwa mu gukamuramo umutobe. Umutobe w`amatunda uvamo ufashe, ukize ku ntungamubiri z`umwimerere ushobora kongerwamo isukari, ukongerwamo amazi cyangwa andi moko y`umutobe (cyane cyane umutobe w`amacunga cyangwa uw`inanasi) bikabyara ikinyobwa binyobwa bikonje.

Umutobe w`amatunda bashobora kuwuteka ukavamo wegeranye ukajya ukoreshwa mu gukora isosi, ibyo kurya byikuzwa, bombo, umushongi ukonje,  imigati iryohereye, cyangwa mu ruvange rw`ibinyobwa bitandukanye.

Agace kagizwe b`ububuto gashobora gukorwamo umushongi cyangwa bakavanga n`inanasi cyangwa inyanya bikavamo urusukume basiga ku migati. Icyanga cy`amatunda kiragabanuka iyo abistwe ahantu hashyushye keretse iyo yateguwe ku buryo buyakomereza uburyohe n’impumuro. Umutobe ubistwe mu byuma bikonjesha ushobora kubiwa ntiwangirike mu gihe cy`umwaka wose kuri dogere 17.78º munsi ya zeru kandi ugasanga ugifite ubwiza.

Ubucuruzi bw`amatunda usanga bwibanda ku mbuto z`amatunda cyane. Nyamara byakabaye ubucuruzi bubwara inyungu nini bwitaye cyane no ku mutobe wavuye mu matunda. Ku birebana n`ubucuruzi bw`imbuto z`amatunda ubwazo, cyane cyane kuyohereza mu mahanga amatunda asarurwa yaramaze guhindura ibara neza yose asa n`idoma cyangwa umuhondo, ariko mbere yo gutangira kunamba no kuma.