Inka

Uko bagaburira inka

 

1. Imbehe

Imbehe y’inka igomba kuba ikoze ku buryo igabanya bishoboka gutakaza ibyo kurya no kuba yahindurwa ukundi ku buryo bworoshye biramutse bibaye ngombwa. Mu bworozi bw’inka za gakondo, imbehe ikoze mu biti, ibyuma cyangwa igice cy’ingunguru biremewe.

Imbehe igomba kuba ifite ibipimo bikurikira:

– Ubugari: cm 60-80

– Uburebure bungana n’ubugari bw’ikiraro cyose

– Uburebure bw’imbere: cm 10-40

– Uburebure uvuye ku butaka kugera aho zirira: cm 80

– Ubufukure: cm 20

2. Kugaburira inka

• Inka zirya ibyatsi byo ku gasozi, ibyahingiwe amatungo, ibisigazwa bituruka ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi, cyangwa ibyo mu nganda.
• Mu byatsi bihingirwa inka twavuga “Tiribusakumu, setariya, urubingo, desmodiyumu, luzerine”.
• Inka yororerwa mu kiraro isaba guhingirwa ari 30-40 z’ubwatsi ku mwaka. Hakurikijwe ko bwahinzwe mu kibaya cyangwa ku gasozi. Ni byiza ko mu igaburo ry’inka haba harimo imvange y’ibinyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe.
• Iyo bafumbira umurima w’ubwatsi bw’amatungo bashyiramo toni 10 z’ifumbire yo mu ngarani na kg 300 z’ifumbire mvaruganda kuri hegitari imwe.
• Kugira ngo baziteganyirize ibihe bibi, inka bazibikira ubwatsi bwumye (foin) cyangwa ubwahunitswe mu butaka (ensilage).
• Inka zikamwa n’izihaka hejuru y’amezi arindwi, ni byiza kongera ku igaburo ryazo risanzwe ibiryo mvaruganda. Iyo umukamo uri hejuru ya litiro 6, bayiha 0,5 kg cyabyo kuri buri litiro yiyongeraho. Buri nka igomba guhabwa igaburo yihariye cyangwa rusange.

UMUSARURO

Bitewe n’uko yorowe bisanzwe cyangwa kijyambere, inka ya kinyarwanda ikamwa:

• iminsi 180 (ubworozi busanzwe), igakamwa litiro 325 havuyeho ayo inyana yonka;

• iminsi 300 (ubworozi bwa kijyambere), igakamwa litiro 2 280, inyana yonka amalitiro 350 y’amata;

• inka ya kinyarwanda iyo ibazwe itanga umurumbuko wa 48-50% by’inyama.

Umusaruro w’izindi nka zororwa mu Rwanda

 

	Sayiwale	Jerise	Suwisi burawuni	Firizone	Jerise Sahiwale Ankolé
Umukamo (litiro) Igihe imara ikamwa (iminsi) Umusaruro iyo ibazwe	2 300   359   50%	2 500   330   45%	4 000   330   50%	5 000   305   50%	3 757   333   50%

Ubuzima bw’inka: indwara n’uburyo bwo kuzirwanya

Indwara zikunze gufata inka zirimo inzoka zo mu nda, iziterwa n’uburondwe nk’ikibagarira n’amashuya, naho indwara zandura twavuga Ruhaha, Uburenge, Ubutaka, Amakore, Igituntu, kurwara amafumbi y’icebe.

Icyitonderwa: Mu bikorwa kugira ngo barengere ubuzima bw’inka hari ukuzikingira ubutaka na ruhaha buri mwaka, kuzuhagiza umuti wica uburondwe byibura rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru, no kuziha imiti y’inzoka kabiri mu mwaka.

Indwara z’inka n’uburyo bwo kuzirwanya

Indwara	Ikigero cy’inka zifatwa	Ibimenyetso	Uko bayirwanya
Inzoka	Inyana, inka nkuru	– Kubyimba inda – Kudakura neza, guhitwa, kunanuka, gukorora, guhinduriza ubwoya	– Imiti y’inzoka nka Nilzan kabiri mu mwaka – Kororera mu kiraro
Ikibagarira (igikira)	Inyana, inka nkuru	Kugira umuriro mwinshi 39.5-41°C, kutarisha, kubyimba inturugunyu, guta urukonda, guhumeka nabi, kubyimba amaso	Gutera imiti y’uburondwe na  rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru kuvurisha oxytétracycline na Butalex
Umwumira	Inyana, inka nkuru	Kugira umuriro minshi, kutarisha, kunanuka cyane, amaso y’umuhondo	– Gutera imiti y’uburondwe – Kumisha oxytétracycline
Amashyuya	Inyana, inka nkuru	Kugira umuriro mwinshi 39-40 kurisha nabi, kugira amaraso make, kunanuka bikabije	– Kurwanya isazi ya Tsétsé – Kuvurisha Samorin, Bérénil, Trypamidium
Uburenge	Inyana, inka nkuru	Kugira umuriro mwinshi 40-41°C, ibisebe mu kanwa, ku mabere, no binono	– Koza ibisebe – Gutera antibotique na sulfamides – Kororera mi kiraro
Ruhaha	Inyana, inka nkuru	Kugira umuriro mwinshi 42°C, guta urukonda mu mazuru no mu kanwa, guhumeka nabi, umutima ugatera cyane, kutabasha kugenda, kubabara mu nda, kubyimba urwakanakana, no gukorora, kunanuka cyane, hapfa 30-50% y’izafashwe	– Gukingira – Kororera mu kiraro – Gutandukanya inka zafashwe n’izikiri nzima
Amakore ( yanduza n’abantu)	Inka nkuru	Kuramburura ku mezi atandatu inka ihaka, kubabara mu ngingo, kubyimba amabya	Gukingira hakoreshejwe urukingo B 19 Kubaga inka zose zanduye iyi ndwara
Igituntu ( cyanduza n’abantu)	Inka nkuru	Kuzamura umuriro ku buryo budasanzwe, kunanuka, gukorora, guhumeka nabi, kubyimba kw’inturugunyu z’ibihaha, ifumbi amata ajya kugira ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi	Kubaga inka zose zafashwe
Ifumbi y’amabere	Inka nkuru	Umuriro, ububabare mu icebe ryanduye, kubyimba kw’amabere, amata arimo amashyira	Kugira isuku y’umukamyi n’ibikoresho byo gukamisha, imiti ya  antibiotics

.AMOKO Y’INKA

Mu Rwanda, dufite inka za gakondo zifite amahembe maremare zitwa “Ankole”, tukagira n’inka z’inzungu ( Horusiteyini, Firizoni, Burawuni suwisi, Jerise  na Sayiwale)ndetse n’ibyimanyi bivuka ku nka gakondo n’inzungu ku nzego zinyuranye: F1, F2 na F3).

– Inka gakondo

Inka gakondo za Ankole zororwa mu bihugu bya Afurika y’Uburasirazuba bya Uganda, Tanzaniya, u Rwanda n’u Burundi.

Inka za Ankole z’umwimerere zigira umutwe ufite uburebure buringaniye, ijosi rigufi n’urwakanakana rurerure n’agatuza  kegeranye. N’ubwo inka za Ankole zigira icebe rito zigakamwa n’amata make, gukama ni umuhango w’ingenzi mu mico y’amoko amwe n’amwe y’abantu. Kureza amaraso na wo ni umuhango w’ingenzi. Amoko amwe n’amwe akoresha inka mu mirimo.  Muri rusange, inka zihabwa agaciro gakomeye gashingiye ku kimenyetso kiranga urwego rw’ubukire, imihango y’umuco katitaye ku musaruro muke zitanga.

– Holstein- Friesian ( Holusiteyini- Furizoni)

Inka za Holusiteyini zirangwa cyane cyane n’amabara yazo ndetse n’umukamo utubutse. Holusiteyini ni inka nini, ifite amabara  meza y’umukara n’umweru cyangwa umweru n’umutuku.

Inyana ya Holusiteyini ifite ubuzima bwiza ivukana ibiro birenga 40. Inka nkuru ya Holusiteyini ipima ibiro nka 700 ikaba ifite uburebure bwa m1.50  upimiye kuva ku kinono kugera ku rutugu. Inyana za Holusiteyini zishobora kwima  zimaze amazi 15 zivutse, zimaze kugera ku biro nka 320. Ni byiza ariko kubyaza bwa mbere inyana za Holusiteyini zimaze amezi 24 na 27. Inka ya Holusiteyini ihaka amezi icyenda. Mu gihe andi moko y’inka ashobora kumara igihe kinini, inka yo mu bwoko bwa Holusiteyini imara igihe cy’imyaka itandatu ikaba ishaje..

Mu Rwanda, inka ya Holusiteyini y’umwimerere yororerwa gukamwa ( ikamwa amata angana na litiro 40 ku munsi).

Burawuni suwisi (Brown Swiss)

– Sahiwale

Inka ya Sahiwale yakomotse mu karere gashyuha ka Punjab ( Soma “Punjabu”) kari ku mupaka w’Ubuhinde na Pakisitani. Ubu ngubu Sahiwake ni bwo bwoko bukunzwe butanga amata mu Buhinde na Pakisitani. Kubera ko zihanganira ubushyuhe kandi zigatanga umukamo utubutse, zinjijwe mu bindi bihugu bya Aziya, Afurika na Karayibe.Ibara ry’ubwoya bwazo ni ikigina kijya gutukura, gishyira umutuku wiganje urimo ibara ryera ku gikanu n’umurongo usanganya igihimba.

Ku mfizi, ibara rirushaho kwijima ahagana ku myanya ihera nk’umutwe, ibinono no ku murizo.Sahiwale ntipfa gufatwa  n’indwara ziterwa n’uburondwe, yihanganira ubushyuhe kandi ntipfa gufatwa n’indwara ziterwa n’indiririzi, zaba izo mu mubiri cyangwa iz’inyuma ku ruhu. Iyi nka ikamwa hafi litiro 2270kg z’amata  mu gihe ihaka kandi yonsa kandi ishobora no kuyarenza.

– Jerise

Jerise  ni inka nto y’amata. Iyi nka yakomotse mu birwa bya Jerise. Ubu bwoko burakundwa kubera ko amata yabwo afite amavuta menshi kandi idasaba ibintu byinshi mu kuyitaho bitewe n’uko ifite umubiri muto n’uko iteye.

Inka ya Jerise nkuru ipima hagati ya kg 400 na kg 500 . Ibintu bituma ikundwa ni uburyo isaba bike kandi igatanga umusaruro munini bitewe n’ibi bikurikira:

• Ubushobozi bwo kororera inka za Jerise nyinshi ahantu hato kubera ko ari ntoya mu mubyimba, biryo no kuzitunga bigasaba ibintu bike kandi zikaba zabasha gutungwa no kurisha.
• Kuba zibyara ku buryo bworoshye bituma ikundwa n’aborozi bakayibangurira ku yandi moko y’inka z’amata  ndetse n’iz’inyama hagamijwe kugabanya ibibazo bibaho mu gihe inka zibyara.
• Kororoka ku rwego rwo hejuru.

Kororoka kw’inka

Bitewe n’ubwoko bw’inka,  ( ubwoko bwa kijyambere cyangwa bwa gakondo,), uburumbuke bw’inka buri hagati ya 50% na 80%. Inka yima bwa mbere ku mezi 24 mu bworozi bwa kijyambere no ku mezi 36 mu bworozi bwa gakondo. Imfizi imwe ishobora kwimya inyana 50. Intera iri hagati y’imbyaro 2 ni amezi 14 na 21 bitewe n’ubwoko bwazo. Inka ikurwa mu bworozi imaze kugira imyaka 10 kugeza kuri 13.  Inka ihaka amezi 9, ni ngombwa rero guhagarika kuyikama amezi abiri mbere y’uko ibyara. Gutera intanga ni bwo buryo bwo kubangurira benshi bahitamo kurusha kubangurira ku mfizi. Mu Rwanda, inka za kijyambere zihari zishobora kubangurirwa ku nka ya gakondo “Ankole” bikabyara ibyimanyi. Inka za kijyambere zihari ni Jersey (soma “Jerise”) Swiss Brown (soma “Suwisi burawuni”), Sahiwal (Soma “Sahiwale”) na Friesian ( Soma “Furizoni”).

Kwandika no kubika amakuru inka

Kwandika no kubika amakuru mu bworozi bw’inka ni umuco mwiza  kuko bifasha  gutegura igenamigabi  riteza imbere ubworozi no kubara ishoramari rikenewe, ikiguzi n’inyungu itangwa n’uyu mwuga w’ubworozi bw’inka. Impuguke mu bworozi bw’inka z’inyama  yitwa Patterson yerekanye amakuru ku bintu 10 by’ingenzi bikurikira bigomba kugaragara mu makuru ku bworozi:

1. Umubare w’inka: “kumenya umubare w’inka umworozi atunze ni ingenzi kuko umufasha kubona amakuru fatizo ku bushyo bwe” Uwo ni Patterson wabivugaga. Mu makuru ku mubare w’inka  harimo ibi bikurikira:

• Umubare w’inka zabanguriwe ku mfizi: uyu mubare  ufasha mu kubara no guteganya ibintu byinshi;
• Umubare w’inka zizabyara igihe iki n’iki: ufasha kureba uburumbuke kuri buri nka yabanguriwe;
• Umubare w’inyana zacukijwe kugira ngo hamenyekane umubare w’inyana zicuka kuri buri nka;
• Andi makuru ku mubare w’inka arimo umubare w’inka zagurishijwe cyangwa zapfuye n’italiki byabereyeho, umubare w’inka zaguzwe n’italiki, umubare w’inka z’imbyeyi  n’umubare w’imfizi.

2. Ibiranga buri tungo

Buri nka igomba kugira ibiyiranga byanditse kandi bibitse, birimo inkomoko, italiki y’amavuko n’ubuzima bwayo, inkingo n’ibyerekeye indwara yarwaye ( n’imiti yahawe n’igihe byabereye);

Igihe umaze kubona amakuru kuri buri nka, Patterson avuga ko umworozi ashobora kuyakoresha kugira ngo amenye uko yororoka maze bimufashe gufata ibyemezo byo gusimbura inyana, kuvana inka mu bworozi, zagaragaje ibibazo mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ibindi bibazo, no kumenya ikigereranyo cy’uburambe bw’inka;

3. Ibiro by’inka: Patterson agira aborozi inama yo kumenya ibiro inka zifite: inyana, inka nkuru, ibimasa. Bishobora gukorwa ku bushyo ariko kuri buri ukwayo ni byo byiza kurushaho.

4. Amakuru ku kwima: Patterson agira inama aborozi ngo bajye bandika amakuru ku kwima kw’inka zabo buri mwaka. Agira ati” ibaze usanze ufite 5% by’inyana zitima. Kuzitunga bigutwara amafaranga n’ubundi bushobozi. Ni byiza rero kumenya niba harimo iz’ingumba ukazigurisha”.

5. Amakuru ku  buryo ishyo riyara: muri aya makuru hagomba kugaragaramo amakuru ku nyana na nyina , ibibazo byagaragaye mu kubyara kugira ngo bifashe umworozi gufata ibyemezo byo gukura mu bworozi inka zibyara bigoranye, italiki y’amavuko n’ibiro yavukanye cyangwa se izapfuye zikivuka. Aya makuru afasha umworozi kumenya igihe inka ze zavukiye n’inkomoko yazo. Aya makuru kandi amufasha kuba yakura mu bworozi inyana zitinda kwima.

6. Uburyo bwo gukoresha urwuri: aya makuru ashobora kutitabwaho, ariko nyamara ni ingenzi mu gushaka uburyo inka zitagirwaho ingaruka n’amapfa. Patterson agira inama aborozi yo kwandika amakuru ku buryo urwuri rukoreshwa buri mwaka, ingano y’imvura yaguye n’uburyo ubwatsi bwahunitswe. Kugira ayo makuru bifasha umworozi guteganya uburyo bwo gukoresha urwuri  mu mwaka ukurukiyeho kugira ngo ateganyirize ibihe bibi bitazagira ingaruka mbi ku bushyo bwe. Aya makuru kandi yerekana uko ubwatsi bwahunitswe.

7. Amakuru ku biryo byaguzwe:  akurikije uko zimwe mu ndwara zitata inka zifashe muri iki gihe ndetse n’amakuru ku kato kuri bimwe mu bintu bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibiryo by’inka, Patterson avuga ko amakuru ku biryo by’inka ari ingirakamaro. Agira inama aborozi kwandika amakuru ku mataliki baguze ibiryo, aho babiguze n’ibirango byabyo ndetse n’amakuru yerekeye niba igihe ibyo biryo byaguzwe byari byemewe n’amategeko. Patterson asaba ko umworozi abika amakuru ku biryo yagaburiye inka ze nibura mu gihe cy’imyaka icumi.

8. Amakuru ku mfizi: na none ni byiza kugira amakuru ku nkomoko y’inka umworozi afite mu bushyo, n’ubwo akenshi byitabwaho n’aborozi bashaka icyororo kurusha abagamije ubucuruzi.  Patterson avuga ko ari byiza kwandika amakuru ku mfizi zimije ubushyo ubu n’ubu bifasha kumenya inkomoko y’izivuka kandi bikaba byamufasha kugera ku ntego ze mu byerekeye kubangurira no kubona inka yifuza mu bwiza. Iyo hagaragaye ikibazo ku mfizi, umworozi amenya iyo ari yo.

9. Ikiguzi: kugira ngo amenye neza ikiguzi ubworozi bumutwara, Patterson agira umworozi inama y’uko agomba kuba afite amakuru arambuye ku kiguzi cy’ibyo akoresha mu bworozi ( ni ukuvuga: inyana/ inka yatangiranye, ibyo azigaburira, ibyo atanga mu kuzitaho, ubutaka ahingaho ibiribwa azigaburira cyangwa ubwatsi, n’ibindi. Avuga ko ikiguzi cy’ibyo agaburira inka, ibyo akoresha mu kuzitaho, abakozi, inyungu….. bigomba kubarwa kuri buri mirimo y’ubworozi ibyara inyungu .

10. Urwunguko: kuri buri murimo w’ubworozi, hagomba kugaragara urwunguko. Iyo mirimo ni inka zakuwe mu bworozi, ibimasa, inyana, ibiryo, n’ibindi….