Inzuki

Kugaburira inzuki

1. Gukora ubuvumvu bw’umwimerere

1. Nta bushakashatsi burabigaragaza, ariko birumvikana ko kureka inzuki zigatara ubuki bw’umwimerere byaba byiza kurusha kuzigaburira amasukari yo mu nganda. Ni byiza kurekera inzuki ubuki bwazitunga mu gihe cy’umwaka. Ni ukuvuga ko umuvumvu agomba kurekera mu muzinga igisanduku kimwe n’igice cyangwa bibiri atabihakuyemo ubuki kugira ngo butunge inzuki ( zikenera nka kg There is no scientific evidence yet, but surely their own honey has got to be better than fee z’ubuki buzitunga kuva muri Nzeli kugeza muri Werurwe).
2. Uburyo bwiza bwo guha inzuki ubushobozi bwo kubangurira ibihingwa ni uguhinga ibihinga bitanga intsinda hafi y’uruvumvu.
3. Ni ngombwa kandi ko inzuki zibona amazi meza kandi ahagije.

Ibindi byo kwitabwaho

• Irinde kugaburira inzuki uziha ubuki kuko bituma zikwirakwiza indwara kandi n’impumuro yabyo ituma habaho…..(robbing)
• Irinde gusiga umushongo upfunduye mu muzinga
• Kora uko ushobye wirinde robbing.

Ni ryari inzuki zigaburirwa

• Iyo inzuki ziri mu muzinga udafite ibyo kurya n’igihe hariho umushongi w’indabo muke cyangwa ntawo. Ibi bishobora kubaho igihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy’umwaka.
• Igihe wahuje imizinga 2
• Iyo wafashe irumbo ukarishyira mu muzinga.

Igaburo ry’umushongi w’isukari

Ibya ngombwa birigize: isukari yera igizwe n’utubumbe, amazi

Icyitonderwa: – Ntugakoreshe isukari y’ikigina cyangwa se amasukari adanyuze mu nganda kuko aba arimo umwanda.

Umushongi ufashe w’isukari: Kg 1 y’isukari igizwe n’utubumbe muri ml 630 z’amazi meza.

Umushongi woroshye w’isukari: kg 1 y’isukari muri litiro y’amazi.

Nta mpamvu yo guteka umushongo kuko gukoresha amazi ashyushye bihagije. Uvanga umushongi kugira ngo isukari ishonge. Iyo isukari yamaze gushonga umushongi uba usa neza nta ntirimwa zirimo kandi ufite ibara ryerurutse gato.

Iyo umushongi ubitswe igihe ushobora gutondaho uruhumbu rw’umukara. Kugira ngo wirinde urwo rubobi, ushobora kongeramo timolo (thymol) nkeya. Timolo ntihita ishonga mu mazi ariko ushobora gutegura umushongi wayo mbere mu icupa ripfundikirwa neza.

Ubuzima bw’inzuki: indwara, ibiza n’ibyonnyi byibasira inzuki

1. Inyamaswa

Inyamaswa zirya inzuki: imisamanzuki, ibikeri,urutambara,imiserebanya,ibitagangurirwa; Inyamaswa zitica inzuki, ariko zikaba zarya ubuki:  impimbi, imiswa, intozi, amavubi,…

2 Ikinya (Fausse teigne) 

Ni ubwoko bw’utunyugunyugu dutera amagi ku bishashara bitarimo inzuki.Ayo magi avamo inyo,inyo zikavamo utuntu tujya kumera nk’utunyabwoya.I zo nyo n’utwo tunyabwoya nibyo birya ibishashara ndetse bikaba byasingira n’amakadere.

Kugira ngo wirinde ikinya mu mizinga yawe, ni ngombwa guhorana imizinga irimo inzuki nyinshi, irimo nkeya igateranywa n’indi,kandi amakadere aboshye yatawe n’inzuki akavanwa mu muzinga. Kwandagaza ibishashara mu ruvumvu cyangwa hafi y’imizinga ni bibi kuko aribyo bikurura utunyugunyugu dutera ikinya.

3. Imiterere y’ibihe

Izuba ryinshi rigira uruhare mu kwangiza iimizinga n’inzuki,kandi iyo ryinjira mu muzinga mo imbere nk’igihe izuba rirasira mu maso y’umuzinga , rigira uruhare mu kwica amagi . umuyaga, imvura nabyo bigira uruhare mu gupfa kw’inzuki .Umuvumvu asabwa kuterekeza amaso y’umuzinga aho imvura,imiyaga ndetse n’izuba bituruka .

4. Umuntu

Umuntu aba umwanzi w’inzuki  mu gihe yangiza ibidukikije cyane amashyamba, adatera ibiti bitanga indabo, akwirakwiza imiti yica inzuki ( pesticides). Ntitwabura kuvuga kandi ko hariho n’abantu barya inyo z’inzuki bikaba atari byiza kuko bigabanya inzuki mu muzinga .

5. Varroa ( soma “Varowa”)

Ni agakoko ko mu bwoko bw’uturondwe  kakaba karabonetse bwa mbere muri Indoneziya kitwa “varroa jacobson”. Ako karondwe gakunda kororokera mu nkongoro  z’ingabo ku buryo  gatangira kunyunyuza urunyo kagakomeza no kunyunyuza uruyuki kugeza rupfuye. Ako karondwe kagira ingaruka nii kuamuzinga kuko inzuki zirazahara   zigatakaza imbaraga  zituma uruyuki ruguruka rukajya gutara. Zimwe mu nzuki usanga zaramugaye ku buryo hari n’izo

Ifoto ya mbere iragaragaza imiterere ya varowaa , ifoto ya kabiri iragaragaza  varowa  ku runnyo  ruteganywa  kuzavamo uruyuki, ifoto ya gatatu  iragaragaza  inzuki   zapfuye biturutse kuri varowa, amababa yarapfutse   biturutse kuri varowa.

6. Loque américaine

Ni  indwara yibasira amagi  n‘ibyana  byitegura  kuvuka  igaterwa n’udukoko twa mikorobe .Iyo ndwara yavumbuwe bwa mbere muri Amerika  mu gihe kirenga imyaka 100 ishize ; ikaba ikunda kwibasira  amagi n’ibyana bitaravuka mu nkongoro. Ni indwara yandura cyane bitewe n’uburyo izo mikorobe  zifata kandi zigakwirakwira vuba  ku mizinga n‘ ibindi bikoresho  byose bikoreshwa  mu bworozi bw’inzuki .

Ni gute wamenya ko iyo ndwara yageze  mu marumbo y’inzuki zawe ?

• Inkongoro zafashwe ntiziba zipfundikiye   ukabona  inkongoro zihinahinye  kandi zigatangira gucikagurika .
• Igice k’inkongoro kihinahinnye iyo ugikanze kigaruka mu mwanya wacyo

Ni gute wakwirinda iyo ndwara

• Kugirira isuku ihagije uruvumvu n’imizinga irimo ,guhanagura no  nokwoza  neza ibikoresho  mu buryo buhoraho ,
• Gusimbura kenshi amakaderi  n’ibishashara bishaje

Ni gute wavura  iyo ndwara

• Ubusanzwe nta muti wihariye uzwi wavura iyo ndwara  mu gihe ibimenyetso byemeje neza ko ariyo
• Irumbo ryafashwe rigomba guhita rikrwa mu uvumvu, rikicwa  ndetse rikanatwikwa . ibikoresho byakoreshwaga  nabyo bikozwa  neza n’amazi  ashyushye  bigakurwaho mikorobe  hifashishijwe imiti yabugenewe ,
• Gusenya imizinga yose iri muruvumvu rwagaragayemo iyo ndwara ,

7. Nosemose (soma “Nozemoze”)

Nosemose ni indwara yibasira  cyane amara  y’inzuki uyibwirwa n’ibimenyetso by’impiswi .

Ni gute wamenya neza iyo ndwara

• Hatangira kugaragara ibimenyetso by’impiswi mu buryo budasanzwe ,
• Izo mpiswi ushobora kuzibona mu muzinga cyangwa iruhande rwawo buri munsi
• Mu buryo busanzwe inzuki zita  udutotoro duto twenda gusa  n‘ umuhondo i ruhande w’umuzinga  bitewe n’imiterere  y’ikirere .

Ni gute wakwirinda iyo ndwara

• Gukurikirana amarumbo y’inzuki ukareba niba afite insinda zihagije
• Guhanagaura no kugirira isuku ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa mu bworozi bw’inzuki
•  Kutagira ibindi  bitari ngombwa wongeramo mu biryo  by’inzuki  mu gihe cyo kuzigaburira (amata , vitamine z’inkorano , umutobe w’imbuto etc….)

Ni gute wavura iyo ndwara

• Muri rusange iyo inzuki zibonye  insinda  zihagije iyo ndwara ihita ishira
•  Mu gihe ibimenyetso bigumyeho  imiti isanzwe  irwanya mikorobe( antibiotic)  ishobora kwifashishwa mu kuyivura ;Umuvumvu aha atekereza na  none ku bubi bw’iyi miti mu kwangiza ubuki .

Kororoka kw’inzuki

Ubuzima bw’udukoko twose harimo n’inzuki butangirira ku magi. Mu gihe cy’ubukonje, urwiru rutegura irindi rumbo rutera amagi mu bishashara byose biri mu muzinga.  Amagi y’inzuki yabanguriwe aturagamo inyamirimo z’ingore naho amahuri agaturagamo mpingwe cyangwa inzuki z’ingabo. Kugira ngo irumbo ribeho, urwiru rugomba gutera amagi yabanguriwe avamo impashyi zishaka ibiribwa bitunga inzuki mu muzinga kandi zikita ku irumbo muri rusange.

Buri rumbo ribamo urwiru rumwe gusa rubonana n’urugabo rimwe gusa mu buzima bwarwo bwose rukabika intanga ngabo zigera kuri miliyoni eshanu mu gasabo k’intanga zizahura n’intangangore zarwo mu gihe cy’ubuzima. Iyo urwiru rutakibasha gutera amagi, izindi nziru zirarusimbura zikabonana n’ingabo zikabasha gutera amagi.

Amagi y’inzuki apima mm 1 kugeza kuri mm1.5 z’uburebure. Iyo urwiru ruteye amagi, ruzenguruka umuzinga rugenda rusuzuma buri nkongorouko imeze. Gutera amagi bifata umwanya muto, kandi urwiru rufite ubushobozi bwo gutera amag agera ku 2000 ku munsi.

Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buvumvu

• Imizinga: inzu z’inzuki nk’uko zavuzwe haruguru

• Ifumba ya kijyambere (enfumoir, smoker)

Bashyiramo ibyatsi cyangwa ibisheshe n’umurimo bigatanga umwotsi. Uwo mwotsi utuma inzuki zigira ubwoba ntiziryane ahubwo zigahunga cyangwa ntizihumeke neza zigatuza.

• Akimirizi kanini (Grille à reine, queen excluder)

Gakoze muri  palasitiki,  gafite imyenge.  Bagashyira hagati y’igisanduku cyo hasi n’icyo hejuru, bityo urwiru ntiruzamuke ngo rujye gutera amagi mu gisanduka cyo hejuru.

Iyo akimirizi kadahari, umusaruro uragabanuka kubera ko urwiru rubasha gutera amagi mu gisanduku cyo hejuru inzuki zikabura aho zihunika ubuki cyangwa se aho zakabuhunitse  hakaba hato. Akimirizi kanini kagira kandi uruhare mu gukumira ingabo mu kujya mu mugereko wo hejuru kwangiza cyangwa kurya ubuki intazi ziba zahahunitse.

Uburoso (brosse à abeilles, bees brush

Ni uburoso bworoshye, bwifashishwa n’abavumvu ba kijyambere mu guhungura inzuki ku bishashara mu gihe basura inzuki cywangwa se bahakura.

• Ibishashara byo kwatira (Cire gaufrée).

 

• Akeguzo, indomo (Leve-Cadre).

• Umutego w’urwiru (Cage à reine, queen cage)

Ni agasanduka k’agaparasitiki bashyiramo urwiru by’agateganyo, bagirango rutigendera iyo ari rushya mu muzinga cyane mu gihe umaze gusukwa. Inzuki z’impashyi zo zishobora kwinjiramo no gusohoka, maze zikagaburira urwiru.

• Imashini iyungurura ubuki (extracteur)

Imashini iyungurura ubuki

Ni imashini ikoze mu cyuma kitagwa umugesi, iyungurura ubuki bwo mu makaderi akoreshwa mu mizinga ya kijyambere yo mu bwoko bwa langisitotosi igatuma haboneka ubuki bwiza kandi ibishashara byo mu ma kadere bitangiritse.

• Ivara, isarubeti y‘umuvumvu  n’uturindantoki (suit and gloves)

Iyi myambaro yose ituma umuvumvu asura inzuki nta bwoba afite kandi bikamurinda gukoresha umwotsi mwinshi cyangwa kwica no kubangamira inzuki mu gihe azisura. Bayambara bagira ngo bakingire umutwe, amaso n’intoki kugirango  inzuki zitahadwinga.

• Akimirizi gato k’urwiru (Grille de trou de vol, Small queen excluder)

Ako kuma bagashyira aho inzuki zinjirira kandi zisohokera, bityo kakabuza urwiru kuva mu muzinga, gashobora no gukumira bimwe mu byonnyi bishaka kwinjira mu muzinga kakaba gakumira ibyonyi birusha umubyimba inzuki.

• Akuma gapfundura inkongoro (Fourchette à désoperculer)

Iyo ikaderi imaze kuzura neza ubuki ; inzuki zipfundikira neza inkongoro. Ako gakoresho gatuma inkongoro z’ubuki zipfunduka ibishashara bitangiritse kandi ubuki bukaboneka butanduye.

• Akayunguruzo (double tamis, passoire, double sieves)

Utwo tuyunguruzo dukoreshwa mu kuyungurura ubuki

Kwandika no kubika amakuru

Igihe yandika amakuru ku ruvumvu, umuvumvu akora ibimufitiye akamaro ariko agomba no kwita ku bikurikira:

1. Kuranga aho uruvumvu ruherereye:

• Igihe uruvumvu rwashyiriweho?
• Imizinga ireba he?
• Ese imizinga irubakiye? cyangwa ntiyubakiye?
• Ese uruvumvu ruri ahantu hameze gute? ( reba ibirukikije ku ntera ya km 2 byibura)
• Abantu bamwe banatekereza ko ari byiza kureba iteganyagihe
• Incamake ivuga ku miturire n’imyororokere y’uruvumvu: inzuki ziri mu mizinga, amataliki amarumbo yaciriye, inziru zarokotse uwo munsi. Ongeraho ahantu wandika icyahindutse cyose ku ruvumvu ( urwiru rushya, irumbo ryafashwe, guca,……)

2. Imiterere ya buri muzinga: (ibi bigomba kugaragara ku rupapuro rwa mbere mu gitabo wandikamo ibyerekeye uruvumvu rwawe).

• Ukoresha ibihe bikoresho? Ni bimwe ku mizinga yawe yose?
  urugero: amakaderi ya pulasitiki, ibishashara, amakaderi 10,…..
• Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’inzuki utunze?
• Amakuru ku rwiru:
  • Igihe urwiru rumaze ruvutse: vuga niba uzi igihe rwavukiye ( byibura ukwezi/ umwaka)
  • Ese rufite ikimenyetso (ibara, umubare)?
  • Ese warukuye he? wararuguze? Waruguze hehe? Ese rwarabanguriwe?Warworoye ku buryo busanzwe bw’umwimerere?(nyuma yo gusa?
  • Igihe cyose uhinduye urwiru, erekana igihe, uko wabikoze n’impamvu (urugero: igihe rufite amahane, rushaje cyane, habaye impanuka cyangwa gusa rwabuze ku mpamvu itazwi).

3. Amakuru ku isura ry’uruvumvu:

• Italiki
• Impamvu yo gusura
  Urugero: isura rsanzwe, kongeramo ibintu nk’amakaderi, kureba niba nta burwayi nka varowa bwajemo, kugaburira inzuki…..…
• Ibyo wabonye: (ushobora kubyongera ku rutonde)
  • Urwiru narubonye
  • Amagi ( bigaragaza ko urwiru rumeze neza
  • Inyo
  • Ibishashara biboshye
    Ushobora gukenera kuvuga umubare w’amakaderi aboshye: ibi bigufasha kumenya umubare w’inyamirimo zizavuka mu minsi iri imbere. Na none reba niba harimo ingabo nyinshi.
  • Intsinda
  • Ubuki
    Na none, ushobora gukenera kumenya amakaderi y’ubuki n’ay’intsinda.
• Ugomba kwerekana niba hari ibimenyetso bya:
  • Varowa
  • Amababa atameze neza
  • Ikinya
  • Ikindi kimenyetso y’indwara cyangwa ibyonnyi.

Ibikomoka ku nzuki  na kamaro kabyo

Iyo abantu batekereje ibyo inzuki zikora, usanga ahanini bibanda ku buki gusa, ariko ntizigarukira aho. Mu by’ukuri inzuki zitara kandi zigakora ibintu byinshi biri mu musaruro w’imirimo yazo. Hari ibintu bitandatu by’ingenzi bikomoka ku nzuki  tugiye kurebera hamwe.

1,Ubuki (miel)
Ubuki inzuki zijya kubuhova mu ndabyo (nectar)cyangwa se ibyo bita urugombyi (miellat) bikunda kuboneka ku masaka. Inzuki z’impashyi zirabinyunyuza, zikabitwara mu gatorero kazo, zagera mu mutiba zikabicira mu ngongoro.

Akamaro k’ubuki

1. Ubuki babwengamo amayoga y’amoko menshi : inturire, inkangaza, hydromel,…

2. Ubuki babukoramo amabombo ;

3. Ubuki buvura indwara z’amoko menshi.

4. Ubuki bubyara amafaranga akaba ari nayo ntego y’ibanze yo korora inzuki bya kijyambere

5. Ubuki buraribwa cyane cyane ababushyira ku migati

2. Insinda (pollen).

Insinda zigizwe n’utuntu duto cyane, inzuki zivana mu ndabyo (intanga ngabo z’ibihingwa). Insinda ni ikiryo cya mbere cy’inzuki, kuko ariho zivana ibyubaka umubiri naho ubuki bukaza ku rwego rwa kabiri, bukaba butanga imbaraga.

Mu nsinda habonekamo amasukari, ibyubaka umubiri imyunyungugu, za vitamini, ibinure byiza n’izindi ntungamubiri. Hari abazita umugati w’inzuki. Inzuki zibika intsinda mu nkongoro, zikazivanga n’amacandwe, ubndi zigahomeshaho ubuki buke. Intsinda kandi ziribwa n’abantu zikabavura indwara zinyuranye.

3. Urucumbu (propolis)

Inzuki zirutara ku biti no mu makakama yabyo. Akamaro karwo mu muzinga ni uko inzuki zirukoresha zihoma imyenge zidashaka. Iyo hagize ikintu gipfira mu mutiba, inzuki ntizishobore kugisohora, zigishyiraho urucumbu ntikibore.Urucumbu ruribwa nk’inyunganirandyo mu buryo bunyuranye kandi runakoreshwa mu gukora amavuta n’ibindi bikoresho by’ubwiza.

4. Ubumara (venin)

Buboneka iyo inzuki zidwinze ikintu, maze ubumara bugaca mu rubori. Buvura rubagimpande

5. Igikoma cy’urwiru (Gelée royale)

Ni ibintu bijya gusa n’umweru, usanga cyane cyane mu magome, bikaba bivuburwa n’inzuki zimaze igihe gito zivutse, zishinzwe kugaburira urwiru n’ibindi byana.

Iyi foto iragaragaza igikoma cy‘urwiru kizengurutse igi rizavamo umwamikazi.

Iyo inyamirimo zifashe icyemezo cyo  kwimika undi mwamikazi kuko usanzwe ashaje, amaze kunanirwa cyangwa yapfuye, zifata ibyana bikivuka zikabigaburira igikoma cy’urwiru. Igikoma cy’urwiru gituma urwiru rukura neza, rukagira udusabo tw’intanga twuzuye ku buryo ruzabasha gutera amagi akenewe.

Igikoma cy’urwiru kiva mu dusabo turi mu mitwe y’inyamirimo, kikagaburirwa ibyana by’inzuki, byaba iby’ingabo, inyamirimo cyangwa inziru. Nyuma y’iminsi itatu, ibyana by’iizindi nzuki ntibiba bikigaburiwe igikoma cy’urwiru, ariko ibizavamo urwibu byo bikomeza kugaburirwa icyo gikoma cyuzuye intungamubiri.

6. Ibishashara (Inta: cire)

Ibishashara ntabwo inzuki zibitara, ahubwo zirabivubura mu mubiri wazo. Izo ni inzuki zimaze hagati y’iminsi 13 na 18 zivutse. Kugira ngo inzuki zivubure ibishashara bihwanye n’ikilo kimwe, ziba ziriye ubuki bungana na 10 kg.   Iyo bashongesheje ibishashara, bivamo inta. Izo nizo zikoreshwa mu miti yo kwa Muganga, za siraji, za buji, ibishashara inzuki ziheraho zubaka (cire gaufrée), n’ibindi.