Ibishyimbo

Gutegura umurima w’ibishyimbo

• Gutegura umurima:Kugirango utegure umurimo wo guhingamo ibishyimbo, utema ibyatsi byose, ukabikoramo ikirundo hanze y’umurima mbere y’uko imvura itangira kugwa,
• Kurima umurima ugeza hasi muri cm 15 kugeza kuri 30,
• Gusanza amasinde nyuma y’ibyumweru 2 uringaniza ubutaka ukuramo n’ibyatsi bibi byaba birimo.

 

• Gufumbira:
  • Mu butaka bufite ubusharire bwinshi ushyiramo hagati ya toni 2.5 na 5 z’ishwagara kuri Ha ibyumweru 2 mbere yo gutera. Ishwagara iguma mu butaka ibihe bine by’ihinga  bikurikiranye. Wongeramo toni 10 z’ifumbire iboze neza kuri Ha mu gihe cyo gusanza
  • Kongeramo kg 100 z’ifumbire mvaruganda ya DAP cyangwa kg 200 za NPK 17-17-17 kuri Ha mu gihe cyo gutera.

Gutera imbuto y’ibishyimbo

• Gutera
  • Igihe cyo gutera ni Nzeri-Ukwakira (igihe cy’ihinga A),
  • Gashyantare-Werurwe (igihe cy’ihinga B cyangwa igihe cy‘imvura)
  • Gicurasi-Kamena (igihe cy’ihinga C mu nkuka, ibishanga n’aho bashobora kuhira)
  • Hakenerwa: kg 40-60 kuri buri ha bitewe n’ubunini bw’igishyimbo
  • Intera isigara hagati: cm 40 hagati y’imirongo na cm 20 hagati y’akobo n’akandi
  • Gushyira imbuto 2 muri buri kobo.

Kubikenura (Kubikorera cyangwa kubifata neza)

Kwita ku bihingwa

• Kubagara :
  • Kubagara bwa mbere bikorwa hagati y’ibyumweru 2 na 3 nyuma yo gutera, bikurikirwa no gusukira  bashyigikiza itaka ibihingwa  hagamijwe no kugabanya isuri mu bihingwa
  • Kubagara bwa 2 cyangwa ubwa 3 bikorwa iyo bibaye ngombwa hagamijwe kugabanya ibyatsi bicura amazi ibihingwa, gutuma haboneka urumuri ruhagije, no gutuma ibyatsi bidacura ibihingwa ibibitunga.
• Gushyiramo ifumbire ifasha ibishyimbo gukura neza
  • Gushyiramo kg 50 kuri ha za Ire (Urea) cyangwa kg 100 za NPK 17-17-17 mu gihe cyo kubagara.
• Gushingirira ibishyimbo
  • Gushingirira ibishyimbo ukoresheje ibiti bigorortse. Ibi biti bishingirira ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi bwo gushyigikira ibishyimbo bishingirirwa. Iyo ukoresheje imishingiriro y’ibishyimbo bigomba kuba bigeza kuri m 2 z’uburebure. Umushingiriro w’igishyimbo ugomba kuba utanyerera kugira ngo bitume igishyimbo gifataho neza. Ugomba gushinga umushingiriro ukawukomeza mu butaka kandi ukawushinga hagati y’ibishyimbo.

Guhinga ibishyimbo bishingirirwa ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kongera umusaruro mu Rwanda aho ubutaka buhingwa

• buhingwa bwagabanutse cyane. Ibura ry’ibiti byo gushingirira ni cyo kibazo cy’ingutu gituma guhinga ibishyimbo bishingirirwa ku buso bunini bigorana. Hari uburyo bwo gushingirira hakoreshejwe utuyungiro twa senyenge n’ibiti by’imishingiriro bike bigabanya ibura bw’imishingiriro y’ibishyimbo nyamara umuntu akabona inyungu z’umusaruro ibishyimbo bishingirirwa bitanga.

 

Foto: Ibishyimbo bishingiriwe

Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko ku bishyimbo

 Ibibara bifite inguni ku mababi 

Ibibara bikora inguni ku mababi (ALS, iterwa n’uduhumyo (Phaeoisariopsis griseola), bifatwa nk’indwara ikomeye cyane y’ibishyimbo mu duce twinshi. Ifata amashami y’ibishyimbo, amababi n’imisogwe.

 

Amafoto yerekana ibimenyetso by’indwra y’ibibara bikora inguni ku mababi n’imisogwe by’ibishyimbo.

Ibibara bihera ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’ikibabi bikagarurwa n’uturandaryi tw’ikibabi, bibanza kuba ikigina hanyuma bigahinduka isine. Ibibara biba bizengutswe n’urugori rweruruka. Kuba ibibara bikora inguni ni ikimenyetso cy’ingetsi kiranga uduhumyo tuyitera (P. griseola). Ibibara bishobora kuba byinshi cyane ku buryo amababi ahunguka imburagihe. Ibibara byo ku ruti bya by’indwara ierwa n’uduhumyo P. griseola biba ari birebire kandi ari isine. Ibibara byo ku misogwe ntibiba byinshi nko ku mababi. Biba biteye nk’igi cyangwa uruziga, bitangira biri inyuma, imirongo y’umukara hagati hijimye henda gutukura. Ibibara birutanwa mu bugari, amaherezo biba byinshi bigahura umusogwe wose ukuzura.

Kwirinda iyi ndwara no kuyirwanya

• Kwita ku bihingwa
  • Gusimburanya ibihingwa bitandukanye ku murima umwe ku buryo hanyuramo nibura imyaka 2 udahinzemo ibishyimbo kugira ngo ibisigazwa by’ibya mbere bibone umwanya wo kubora
  • Gukoresha imbuto zitarwaye kandi zihanganira indwara
  • Gukoresha imiti myiza nka Ridomili.

Ascochyta ( Soma “Asikoshita”) ku mababi n’ibibara ku misogwe

 

Indwara y’ibibara ku mababi no ku misogwe irakomeye ku bishyimbo. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku mababi, amashami no ku misogwe ku gihingwa cyafashwe bishobora kwitiranywa iyo ikiri mu ikiciro cya mbere aho ibibara biba bias n’ikigina. Ku mababi, utubara duto tw’uruziga tw’igaju ni two tubanza kuza. Buhoro buhoro uko indwara ikwira , ibibara biba bigari kandi bikeruruka, hanyuma bikagenda byijima. Bitangira gufata iforomo ndinganire, bigafatana bigakwira igice kinini k’ikibabi. Igice kegereye ibibara bishobora guhinduka umukara hameze nk’ ahaboze. Mu bibara hagati hazamo utundi tudomo tw’umukara tungana n’umutwe w’urushinge (pycnidia). Ibi biboeneka mu duce tubamo ubuhehere bwinshi kandi tuba turi ku mirongo iteye nk’uruziga ikurikiranye. Ku mashami ibibara biba ari birebire, bigera imbere cyane byijmye cyane kurusha ku mababi kandi hariho bene twa tudomo (pycnidia) tunyanyagiye. Amashami ashobora kwisatura byagera aharwaye akavunika, bigatera igihingwa kugwa. Ku misogwe, ibibara byinjira imbere hagati hijimye n’imirongo yo ku mpande yijimye. Hashobora kuzaho utudomo (pycnidia) twinshi. Ibibara byakuze bishobora kwinjira imbere mu misogwe bigafata imbuto zikanyunyuka zigahindura n’ibara. Imbuto zafashwe zigira utudomo tw’umuhondo wijimye ku ruhu rw’inyuma, ibyo bigabanya cyane agaciro kabyo ku isoko. Iyo indwara ya Ascochyta yaje mu bihingwa itinze imbuto z’ibishyimbo zizana amabara, icyo gihe indwara iba yari ku rwego rwo hasi bivugako gutera imiti byari bikenewe.

Kurwanya iyo ndwara Ascochyta

Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara bahuriza hamwe ibikorwa bitandukanye: guhitamo neza umurima, guhitamo imbuto zihanganira indwara, gutera neza imiti ku mababi no gusarura kare imbuto z’ibishyimbo zitarahindurwa ibara n’indwara.

Umugese

• Umugese ufata ibishyimbo uterwa n’uduhumyo dufata amababi, imisogwe n’amababi y’ibishyimbo ku bishyimbo by’imiteja n’ibisanzwe.
• Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara bifite ibara nk’iry’umugese mu bice byabaye umuhondo. Ibibara bibanza kuza ari utudomo duto turimo agafu k’ikijuju, ako gafu aba ari umurama w’iyo ndwara.

 

Amafoto: ibibenyetso by’ibishyimbo byazanye umugese ku mababi n’imisogwe

Kuyirwanya:

• Guhagarika guhinga muri uwo murima ibindi bishyimbo mu gihe cy’imyaka 2
• Guhita utaba ibisigazwa by’ibishyimbo ukimara gusarura
• Gutera imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara
• Kwirinda gufumbiza Azote nyinshi
• Gukoresha imiti yabugenewe nka Ridomili.

Indwara y’ububembe bw’ibishyimbo (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)

Indwara y’ububembe bw’ibishyimbo (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)

zitera kubemba no kubora (imizi iba umukara) ku bishyimbo. Ibimenyetso byazo bihinduka bitewe n’ubwoko bwa virusi izitera, ubushyuhe n’imiterere karemano y’ubwoko bw’ibishyimbo byafashwe. Ibimenyetso bijyanye no kubemba birimo kwikunja cyangwa hakaza udufuka (utubumbe), ibibara byeruruka n’icyatsi cyijimye ku mababi, imirongo y’uturandaryi ifite ibara ryihariye, ibipande byikunje by’umuhondo no kugwingira igihingwa ntigikure naza. Ibibabi byikunje byahinduye ibara bikizamuka byerekana ko urubuto rwatewe arirwo rwari rurwaye. Igihingwa rero gishobora kubemba bisanzwe bizwi kikazana ibibara cyangwa kigahinduka umukara.

 

Ifoto: Ibimenyetso bya BCMV/BCMNV ku mababi

Kwirinda no kurwanya indwara za BCMV/BCMNV

Inzira zishoboka zo kurwanya BCMV/BCMNV harimo:

• Gutera imbuto nzima
• Kuvugurura uburyo bwo guhinga
• Gukoresha imiti ikwiye nka superimitirine cyangwa roketi 5 (supermithrine na Roquette 5).

1. Inda zangiza ibishyimbo

 

Ifoto: Inda z’ibishyimbo ku mashami n’amababi

Inda z’ibishyimbo zanduza virusi kuva ku gihingwa kimwe ujya ku kindi, imboga n’ibiti by’imirimbo. Inzuzi z’ibihaza, konkombure, situruye, wotameloni, ibishyimbo, ibirayi, leti, beterave ni ibihingwa bifatwa na virusi zizanwa n’ubuhunduguru. Virusi zihindura ibara ry’ikimera, biba umuhondo cyangwa ababi akikunja ikimera kikadindira mu gukura.

N’ubwoinda z’ibishyimbo zica umusaruro cyane, biragogoye kuzirwanya, kuberako n’iyo zaba nke mu murima zironona cyane; inda ikwirakwiza virusi mu minota mike mu gihe bitwara igihe kinini ngo uyicishe umuti wica udukoko.

Kurwanya indwara z’ibishyimbo

N’ubwo inda z’ibishyimbo zica rimwe na rimwe igihingwa cyakuze, ibyorezo zitera n’umushongi zishyira ku bihingwa bituma biba ngombwa kuzirwanya. Rimwe na rimwe imiti yica udukoko yica n’udusimba dufite umumaro hamwe n’ibyonnyi icyarimwe.

Kugenzura umurima kenshi

Ni byiza kugenzura umurima buri gihe (nibura 2 mu cyumweru), ukareba niba ibihingwa byatewe bikura  vuba ugahita utangira kurwanya utu dukoko kakiri kare utwica, umenaho umuti cyangwa amababi yafashwe uyavanaho. Inda z’ibishyimbo zikunze gutera ibyorezo mu gihe hari ubushyuhe ariko ntibwabishobora kuri degere 65-80 F. Iyo inda z’ibishyimbo zamaze gufata amababi akikunjakunja biragoye kuzicisha imiti yica udukoko kuko bwihisha mu mababi yikunje akaburinda kugerwaho n’imiti ndetse n’ibindi byabuhiga.

Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu bishyimbo

Kubabuka bitewe na bagiteri, uruhumbu n’ibibara byijimye biterwa na bagiteri zose ni indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zifata ibibabi by’ibishyimbo. Ibimenyetso zerekana n’igihe uburwayi bumara byenda gusa kuri izo ndwara uko ari 3. Kubera izo mpamvu, gusuzuma ngo umenye ndwara iyo ariyo biragoye. Kubw’amahirwe izo ndwara zishobora kurwanywa mu buryo bumwe.

 

Akenshi uburwayi butewe na bagiteri ku mababi bubanza kuza ari utudomo bufite inguni cyangwa ari uruziga twuzuyemo amazi (icyatsi kijimye). Uko indwara igenda ikwira, biba ibibara

byeruruka kandi byumye, ikindi gika kikazenguruka cya kibara. Amababi yafashwe cyane ahinduka umuhondo agashwanyagurika iyo ayo mababi akuze cyangwa aguye hasi.

Kurwanya Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu bishyimbo

Kuzirinda mbere y’uko zigera mu murima ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuzirwanya.

• Gutera imbuto nzima zitanduye, abahinzi bibikira imbuto ntibagomba gukoresha imbuto zanduye
• Gutera ubwoko bw’imbuto bwihanganira mu buryo bwose bene izi ndwara
• Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibimera byose bishaje
• Ibisigazwa by’ibimera byari birwaye ntibigomba guhugutishwa ngo bibe ifumbire kuko ubushyuhe bwo mu kimpoteri ntibwakwica za bagiteri
• Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ku buryo umurima wavuyemo ibishyimbo byarwaye uzengera kubihingamo nibura nyuma y’imyaka 3.
• Kugira ngo ugabanye gukwirakwiza indwara, wirinda kuhira unagaho amazi ukirinda no kwinjira mu murima ibishyimbo bigitose
• Kurandura igihingwa cyafashwe ukibona ko indwara yaje mu murima.

Imungu y’ibishyimbo

 

Ibiranga imungu y’ibishyimbo

Ni agasimba gato ko mu bwoko bw’ibivumuri, kagira mm 3.5-5, kenda kugira ishusho ya

mpandeshatu, ibara ryijimye n’utudomo tw’umweru, dutukura cyangwa tw’umukara. Imungu ishobora gutera amagi mu bishyimbo, kuyafatisha ku gishishwa cy’igishyimbo cyangwa mu musate aho igishyimbo cyamenetse. Ikiciro cy’urunyo rwavuye mu magi no kujya mu gakono karwo byose bibera mu gishyimbo imbere. Ibishyimbo bishobora kwandura imungu guhera ku mbuga. Imungu nkuru zishobora kujya mu murima zivuye mu buhunikiro, mu biteresho, mu bisarurisho n’ahandi hantu hose habitse ibishyimo byagiyemo imunyu.

Uko imungu yonona

Imungu ikiri urunyo ikurira mu gishyimbo ikacyangiza igicamo imiyoboro. Inyo z’imungu zirya igishyimbo kigashiramo burundu. Urunyo rujya mu gakono rukiri mu gishyimbo hazavamo imungu ikuze isohoka inyuze mu mwenge umeze nk’uruziga ivuye mu gasate k’igishyimbo. Konona kw’imungu rero gushingiye ku gushaka ibiyitunga bihuye no kugenda ikwira hose.

Kurwanya imungu y’ibishyimbo

Kwirinda ko umusaruro wawe uhura n’imungu ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi. Kuberako ibishyimbo byandurira imungu akenshi ku mbuga zivuye mu bishyimbo, wagerageza gukuraho aho imungu ishobora guturuka hose. Aho hashobora kuba imifuka yabitswemo ibindi byamunzwe nka soya, ibindi bishyimbo byari baramunzwe byasigaye nyuma y’ihinga, ibindi bishyimbo byahunikiwe kugaburirwa amatungo n’aho bitunganyirizwa, ibindi bishyimbo cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo byamunzwe aho byaba birunze hose : mu murima cyangwa hafi yawo ndetse n’ubuhunikiro burimo imungu.

Gusarura ibishymbo

Ibishyimbo bisarurwa ryari ?

Ibishyimbo bigufi bisarurwa ku minsi 75-90 nyuma yo kubitera. Ibishyimbo bishingirirwa byo bisarurwa ku 90-110 nyuma yo gutera, ariko ishobora kugera ku 120 ahakonja. Ibishyimbo barya imiteja babisoroma imisogwe ikiri mito kandi yoroshye, ireshya nka cm 7.5 kandi udushyimbo turi mu miteja tutaratangira gukura no gukomera, ni ukuvuga nyuma y’iminsi 45 bitewe.

Ibishyimbo bisarurwa gute ?

• Kuranduza ibishyimbo intoki  cyangwa ugakatisha ibiti byabyo agakero
• Kugenda ujonjorera mu murima ibigejeje igihe niba bitarereye rimwe

Ifoto: ibishyimbo byeze kandi byumye bigejeje igihe cyo gusarurwa

Guhunika ibishyimbo

Hari ibyiciro byo kwita ku bishyimbo nyuma y’uko bisarurwa :

• Kubyanika : kwanika ibishyimbo bikuma mbere yo kubihura. Kubihura bitaruma neza byangiza imbuto z’ibishyimbo. Ibishyimbo byanikwa ku mbuga iteguye shitingi ya pulasitiki cyangwa ikirago kugira ngo bidahura n’ubutote ubwo ari bwo bwose n’indi myanda.
• Guhura ibishyimbo : ibyiza ni uguhura ibishyimbo igipimo cy’amazi bisigaranye kiri hagati ya 14-15%. Iyo intete z’ibishyimbo zumye cyane zirangirika ku buryo bworoshye iyo babihura, babihurisha ikibando n’amaboko.
• Kugosora : iyo ibishyimbo bamaze kubihura barabigosora kugira ngo umurama n’indi myanda yose bivemo

Ifoto: Guhura no kugosora ibishyimbo

• Kujonjora ibishyimbo

Umaze kugosora ibishyimbo, ubitoramo amabuye n’indi myanda, ukajonjoramo ibishyimbo byangiritse, byamenetse n’ibirwaye, ukabitandukanya ukurikije ubwoko bwabyo.

• Guhunika

Guhunika ibishyimbo mu mifuka ifite isuku warakoresheje uburyo bwo kwica indwara iyo igipimo cy’ubuhehere kiri hagati ya 13-15%. Kutavanga ibishyimbo byeze vuba n’ibigugu byo ku mwero w’ubushize bisanzwe mu buhunikiro. Gutondeka imifuka usiga m 1 kugera ku rukuta kandi iteretse ku mbaho zigiye hejuru kugira ngo imifuka idakora hasi. Imifuka ipangwa mu buhunikiro butava kugira ngo umusaruro udahura n’ubukonje.

• Guhungira umusaruro

Ni byiza kugenda wita ku musaruro ushobora kwangizwa n’udukoko mu buhuniko. Iyo ibishyimbo bigomba guhunikwa igihe kirekire, umuntu agirwa inama yo gukoresha imiti mvaruganda ariko abyitondeye. Umuti mvaruganda wemewe mu kwita ku bishyimbo ni umuti w’ifu  wa Actellic (bavanga g 100 muri kg 100 z’ibishyimbo).