Urutoki

Gutegura umurima w’ibitoki

• Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kurwanya isuri
• Kurima bwa mbere bakuramo ibyatsi bibi;
• Guhinga bwa kabiri baringaniza ubutaka ngo bwakire imibyare.

• Gutegura umwobo wo guteramo: Umwobo wo guteramo wagombye kugira nibura m 0.6 z’ubujyakuzimu na  m 0.9 z’umurambararo.

Ubutaka bwiza bwo hejuru busubizwa mu mwobo bukavangwa n’ifumbire y’imborera.

Gutera ibitoki

1. Guhitamo imibyare :
   • Gutegura umwobo wo guteramo nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru

• Guhitamo imibyare: imibyare myiza ni ifite uburebure kuva kuri m 1.8 kugeza kuri m 2.1 kandi inanutse, amababi asongoye nk’inkota, n’ubwo imibyare mito cyane ari yo yakabaye myiza niba nyina ifite ubuzima bwiza.
• Igihe umubyare ugifashe kuri nyina, bawukuraho bakase n’imbaraga  bajyana hasi bakoresheje igitiyo gisukuye. Barandurana n’igice gihagije cy’ubutaka bwo munsi n’imizi ifashe ku mubyare.
• Inguri idafite imibyare igaragara bashobora kuyikatamo uduce. Buri gace gafite umumero karashyira kakavamo umubyare ariko ibi bitwara igihe kinini, icyiza ni ugukoresha umubyare.
• Gukata ibice by’umubyare byapfuye, ibyariwe n’udukoko, ibyaboze n’ibyahinduye ibara

Niba umubyare warononekaye hafi ya wose, ushyirwa kure y’indi hanyuma bagashaka ibindi bikoresho by’ubuhinzi.

1. Gusukura insina yo gutera no kuyitera:

• Gushyushya amazi akagera kuri dogere 50^oC
• Nyuma y’ibyo, kuzimya umuriro no gushyira inguri muri ya mazi mu gihe cy’iminota  20

Kuzuza ubutaka bwiza mu mwobo. Gusiga umwanya wa sentimetero nkeya hejuru kugira ngo amazi yinjiremo.

• Ubusharire bwiza mu butaka bwakira insina ni uburi hagati ya  5.5 na 7.  Ubusharire bugeze kuri 7.5 cyangwa hejuru yaho bishobora kwangiza insina.
• Gushyira umubyare mu butaka bushya uhagaze.  Wagombye guterwa rwagati mu mwobo mu burebure bwa sentimetero 20.
• Ubundi, bakata insina hagasigara uburebure bwa sentimetero 20.

Kwita ku gihingwa cy’ibitoki

1. Kubagara:
   • Gukuramo ibimera cyangwa ibindi byatsi bibi byimejeje mu murima, kureba neza niba ifumbire  yakoreshejwe ku gihingwa yaragize umumaro , kurwanya ibisambo n’indwara.

• Gusasira (kongeraho ubutaka) nabyo birinda umurima kurumba n`uburwayi.

1. Kwicira:
   • Gukuraho amakoma yapfuye n’insina zapfuye,  kubicamo uduce bigakikizwa ku bihingwa bizima. Ibindi bisigazwa byo mu murima n’ivu ry`ibiti nabyo bishobora kongerwaho bikongerera ubutaka uburumbuke.

• Mu gihe insina imaze gukura ikaba ifite imibyare myinshi, yikureho yose usigaze   umwe kugira ngo umusaruro utubuke n’ubuzima bw’insina bube bwiza.
• Gukata byose hagasigara umubyare uringaniye  n’ubutaka no  gutwikira ubutaka ku mubyare. Gusubiramo icyo gikorwa ukata cyane mu bujyakuzimu mu gihe byongeye kumera.
• Umubyare urokotse ni wo usimbura nyina iyo umaze gutanga umusaruro w’igitoki.
• Hari ubwo habaho irengayobora insina zifite ubuzima bwiza zikagira abana babiri.

1. Gufumbira urutoki
   • Gukoresha inyongeramusaruro, ikimoteri, imborera cyangwa imvan’ge yibi byose. Kongeramo inyongeramusaruro ako kanya nyuma yo gutera ku muzenguruko umwe w` igihingwa cy’insina icyo gikorwa kigasubirwamo buri kwezi.

• Ubusanzwe  ifumbire mvaruganda igaragazwa n’ikimenyetso cy’inyuguti 3 (N-P-K) cyerekana ingano y’imyunyungugu ya Azote, Potasiyumu na Fosifore irimo. Insina zisaba urugero ruri hejuru rwa Potasiyumu ariko indi myunyu na yo ifite akamaro. Ushobora gukoresha ifumbire ifite imyunyu igereranyije ( uko ari itatu ku rugero rwenda kungana) cyangwa ugakoresha ifumbire iziba icyuho kiri mu butaka bwawe.
• Nta gukoresha ifumbire yakozwe mu byumweru bike bishize kuko ubushyuhe buturuka ku kubora bushobora kwangiza insina.
• Mu gihe udafire imborera wakoresha amakoma y’insina cyangwa ibindi byatsi bishobora kubora vuba.

1. Kuhira:

• Kuhira kenshi ariko ukirinda gukabya
•  Kubura amazi ni impamvu rusange ituma insina zipfa ariko gukabya kuvomerera bishobora gutera kubora kw’imizi.
• Iyo insina zitewe mu gihe nta mvura igwa, ushobora kovomerera buri munsi ariko mu gihe igice cy`ubutaka cyo hejuru kingana na cm 1.5 – 3 cyumagaye.
• Gabanya urugero rw’amazi wakoreshaga uko uvomereye mu gihe igihingwa kimaze igihe kinini mu mazi ( ibyo bishobora gutuma imizi ibora).
• Mu gihe kiza, mu gihe insina ari bwo zikimera, ushobora gukenera kuvomerera rimwe mu cyumweru cyangwa mu byumweru bibiri. Ibuka gucunga ko ubutaka butota.

Amakoma afasha kurwanya gutota bikabije ni yo mpamvu ugomba kwitonda ntutose igihingwa kikiri gito kitarazana amakoma.

1. Gusasira:

Gusasira ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byumutse mu gutwikira ubutaka. Bifasha kugumisha  ububobere mu butaka, bikagabanya isuri y’ubutaka, bigakuraho kumera kw’ibyatsi bibi bikanazanira ubutaka ifumbire igihe bimaze kubora.

• Ibyiza byo gusasira ni ibihe?

 

• Gusasira bituma ubutaka bwo munsi bumara igihe kinini buhehereye kuruta iyo ubutaka budatwikiriye.
• Bifasha guhangana n’isuri bigabanya ubukana bw’ibitonyanga by’imvura bikanatuma amazi atemba agenda gahoro.
• Bikuraho kumera kw’ibyatsi bibi bibyumisha
• Bituma igihingwa gikura neza
• Ibibi byo gusasira?
  • Bisaba umukozi uhoraho ukora ako kazi
  • Bishobora kuzanira ubutaka ibyomyi n’indwara
  • Ibikoresho byo gusasira bishobora kutaboneka.

• Uko bikorwa:

• Kujyana mu murima ibikoresho ushaka gukoresha nk’isaso
• Kubisanza ku butaka ukoresheje intoki cyangwa igikoresho cyo mu buhinzi gifite amenyo menshi magufi bita rato (rateau). Gushyiraho isaso ireshya na cm 7-15 uvuye ku butaka cyangwa izengurutse insina.
• Nta gushyiraho isaso nyinshi irenga ku nsina cyangwa ituma zitagaragara neza.
• Gukoresha ibishishwa byumye bitabora vuba
• Kudakoresha isaso y’ibishishwa bitose cyangwa bikiri icyatsi kibisi

1. Gukuraho umwanana:
   • Bikorwa ryari?
     • Igihe amabere y’igitoki yamaze kuza hanze yose, bakuraho umwanana.
   • Kubera iki?
     • Gukuraho umwanana birinda insina indwara ya Kirabiranya y’urutoki (BXW)
     • Igitoki gikura neza iyo umwanana wakuweho.

Kwirinda ibyonnyi n’indwara ku bitoki

1. Indwara ya Kirabiranya y’urutoki (BXW)

• Iyi ndwara ya Kirabiranya y’urutoki yaturutse muri Etiyopiya no hanze yayo, iza kugaragara mu mwaka wa 2001 mu Rwanda, Kenya, DRC, Uganda and Tanzaniya.
• Kirabiranya y’urutoki ifata ibice byose bigize insina.
• Irangwa no guhinduka umuhondo no kumagara buhoro buhoro kw’amababi
• Igitoki kineka igihe kitageze kandi ntikinekere rimwe, imbere kikazana amabara y’ikigina
• Iyo imutumba itemwe  mu minota 5-15 hasohoka agasabo  karimo mikorobi z’umuhondo
• Insina yanduye iba umuhondo cyangwa ikigina mu bice by’imbere
• Kumagara buhoro buhoro cyangwa kumagara byihuse ku mwanana
• Uduti tw’ururabo duhinduka umuhondo n’ikigina
• Ubusanzwe iyi ndwara yica insina burundu.

1. Kwirinda indwara ya Kirabiranya y’urutoki

Ingero z’uburyo bwakoreshwa mu kuyirinda:

• Gukoresha ibikoresho bisukuye mu gutera
• Ibikoresho bifite isuku byanyujijwe ku muriro cyangwa mu muti usukura nka Jik n’indi nka wo
• Kuca umwanana amabere y’igitoki amaze gusohoka ukoresheje isando,
•  Gukata no gutaba imibyare irwaye
• Gusimburanya ibihingwa

• Indwara ya Kabore iterwa n’uduhumyo twitwa Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense). Ni indwara iva mu butaka ifata mu mizi y’insina ikayizahaza mu bice by’imbere ikaba ishobora ko kugera ku mababi. Iyi ndwara nta bundi buryo wayirwanya cyangwa wayivura  atari ukuvura ubutaka. Kuvura ubutaka na byo bifite ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije ni yo mpamvu bibujijwe ahantu hafi ya hose. Uburyo  buri kwigwaho bugaragaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’iyi ndwara. Ingaruka mbi cyane z’iyi ndwara ni ukwiremarema kw’izindi mikorobi ziguma mu butaka imyaka n`imyaka maze igihe cyose hari insina itewe hafi aho izo mikorobi zikayanduza igarwara.
• Iyi ni indwara ituruka mu butaka – Iyi ndwara yinjira mu gihimba iturutse mu mizi
• Iyi ndwara irushaho kuba mbi mu butaka batayoboreye amazi neza.

1. Ibimenyetso byayo :

Ibimenyetso byayo bya mbere by’imbere bikurira mu mizi y’ingenzi igaburira igihingwa, ari ho ndiri ya mbere ya mikorobi. Bikomeza bijya mu nguri ni naho bigaragarira cyane mu ihuriro ry’ibice by’imbere n’iby’inyuma.

Iyo iyi ndwara ibaye akarande, ku makoma hazaho ibibara by’ikigina cyerurutse nyuma igice kinini kigahindura ibara aho gusa nk’itafari rihiye kigasa  n`ikigina.Ibimenyetso bya mbere bigaragara inyuma ni uguhinduka umuhondo kw’amababi akuze cyangwa kwisatura kw’igice cyo hasi cy’amababi y’insina.

Ibi bikurikirwa no kurabirana no kwisatagura aho amababi afatira ku mutumba. Rimwe na rimwe amababi agumana ibara ry`icyatsi, uko indwara igenda yiyongera amakoma akiri mato arihina kugeza ubwo insina yose igigara igizwe n`amakoma yapfuye burundu n’andi agenda apfa.

1. Ingamba zo kurwanya iyi ndwara :

Kwirinda  ni yo ngamba  ya mbere yo guhangana n’iyi indwara. Mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko iyi ndwara ya Kabore yakwanduza umurima wawe, ugomba gushyiraho uburyo gakondo bwo kwirinda nko koza ibikoresho no kubirinda mikorobe kandi bigakoreshwa iteka bisukuye, gukoresha imibyare mizima itarwaye kandi yakuwe ahantu hizewe.

Kurinda ko abantu bapfa kwinjira mu murima,  guhugura abakozi ku birebana n`isuku no kumenya ko indwara igiye gufata igihingwa ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane iyo ari yo kugira ngo bayirwanye itarakura.

• Sigatoka ni imwe mu ndwara zikomeye zifata igihingwa cy’insina.

Ibimenyetso byayo :

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by`indwara ya Sigatoka yirabura ni  amabara mato agaragara  ku gice cyo hasi cy’ikoma rya 3 cyangwa irya 4 ribumbuye. Ayo mabara agera aho agahindukamo imirongo mito y’ikigina agatangirwa n’umugongo w’ikoma ( ifoto ya 1). Amabara y’iyo mirongo arushaho kwijima bikabije kandi akagaragara ku gice cyo hejuru. Ibibara bigenda bikura bifatana cyangwa bigafata indi shusho, bikijima cyane bikarema imirongo yirabura ari byo biranga amababi afite iyi ndwara (ifoto ya 2).Kenshi usanga mu ihuriro ry’uduce turemye ikoma hasa n’ahatose cyane cyane mu gihe hari ubuhehere bukabije.

Ingamba zo kwirinda iyi ndwara:
Imiti yica uduhumyo ikoreshwa kenshi mu duce twazahajwe n’iyi ndwara ku buryo bukabije.. Amakoma yafashwe akurwaho neza atagize aho ahurira n’ibice bizima by`insina mu gice kingana na hegitari kugira ngo hakumirwe iyi ndwara mu gace igihingwa kirimo.

Mu rwego rwo gufata ingamba, ibyatsi bihingwa hagati y’insina hakoreshejwe intera ikwiye ( n`ubwo kenshi insina zihinze mu murima w’urutoki ziba ari ubwoko bumwe). Ibizenga by’amazi mikorobi zishobora kubamo zikazashyira zikanduza urutoki bigomba kugabanuka hakubakwa imiyoboro ifata amazi ahagije ikayohereza mu bindi bice biri kure y’umurima w’urutoki.

Ibimenyesti byayo

Imungu y’insina bita “Cosmopolites sordidus”, ni agakoko gasa n’umukara gafite umunwa muremure ko mu bwoko bw’ikivumvuri. Icyana (igishorobwa) ni umweru, umutwe wacyo usa n’umuhondo uvanze n’ikigina, nta maguru kigira. Nicyo gitobagura imyobo mu nguri. Iyo imyobo imaze kuba myinshi, umuyaga uteri mwinshi utuma insina yihrika hasi. Amakoma y’insina yafashwe cyane ahinduka umuhondo agapfunyarara nyuma akuma. Insina zamunzwe, zigaragara neza mu gihe cy’impeshyi n’igihe zitangiye kwana. Ikunda kandi yororoka neza kandi vuba ahantu hashyuha.

Ibishorobwa byangiza insina itangirira hasi ku gice kiri inyuma cyane gitangiye kuma no mu bice bitemyeho  by’igice cyo hasi ku cyitwa igihimba. Mikorobi zikiri nto ziracukura kugeza ubwo zinjira aho amababi atangirira mo imbere.Mikorobi ubwo zicengera mu ntango y’igihimba no mu mizi (mu nsina, ndetse no mu byana by’insina biri kumera no mu mizi). Imiyoboro yo munsi y’ubutaka y`indiri ya mikorobi ishobora gukomeza gukora kugeza insina iguye.

Ibihingwa byafashwe n`iyi ndwara bigira ibara rivanze icyatsi n`umuhondo, bigatakaza ibara ryiza ry`icyatsi.Imibyare ifashwe n`iyi ndwara kenshi irumagara kandi ntikomeze gukura. Mu gihe cy`umuyaga mwinshi insina nyinshi zirwaye ziryama hasi rimwe na rimwe zikapfa burundu

Imibyere yafashwe n`iyi ndwara itobora, irumagara kandi igapfa vuba cyane bitewe n`uko gutunga microbe no gutoboka hagati y`imizi n`inguri. Icyerekana ko insina ikiri nto yafashwe ni ukuraba no kumagara kw`amababi atarabumbura cyangwa igice kigikura cy`igihingwa.

Ingamba zo kuyirinda

• Gutega utwo dukoko ukoresheje umutego ukikije insina mu ntera ya 20 cm uvuye ku nsina kubera ko amagi yatwo cyangwa two ubwatwo bishobora kwihisha munsi. Ku munsi wa kane, toratora utwo dukoko utwice cyangwa udutwike
• Umutumba w’insina ugomba gusukurwa ugakurwaho amashara.
• Guhinga ubwoko budapfa kwandura nka Kayinja,FHIA17 na FHIA25,
• Gusukura ibikoresho by’ubuhinzi mbere yo gutera hakoreshejwe amazi ashyushye: kwinika imibyare mu mazi ashyushye ku rugero rwa dogerekuva kuri 52 kugeza kuri 55°C mu gihe cy’iminota 15 kugera kuri  27 mbere yo gutera (Gushyira buji mu mazi ashyushye, nitangira gushonga umenye ko ubushyuhe bugeze kuri izo degere);
• Uburyo bwiza busanzwe bukorwa mu buhizi: gukurako amakoma ashaje n’ inguri, kutegereza insina isaso (60 cm).
• Kubagara, gushyiramo inyongeramusaruro aho ari ngombwa
• Guhata imibyare  ukuraho imungu n’amagi yazo ndetse n’iminyorogoto;
• Gusimbuza insina yanduye ikindi gihingwa ( mu bihingwa ngandurarugo)
• Kongera guhinga urutoki nyuma y’imyaka3-4.

Indwara ya Tsindika ifata igitoki n’amakoma iterwa na virusi ishobora gufata ubwoko bw’ibihingwa birimo ibitoki, imishabi n’ibindi. Ibyiza ni ugutegura umurima uzahingwamo urutoki kure y’aho ibi bihingwa yibasira biri. Ibihingwa bikuze bishobora kwandura byoroshye ariko n’amwe mu moko y`insina nka Cavendish (soma “Kavendishi”) ashoborwa n’iyo ndwara.

Mu turere iyi virusi itabonekamo cyane, indwara ikwirakwizwa no gutera imibyare bigaragara ko irwaye mu ntangiriro y’igihe cy`ihinga, ni ukuvuga ko igihembwe cy’ihinga kiba gitangiranye n`ibihingwa birwaye.

Uburyo bwo kuyirinda

• Nta bwoko bw’insina budashobora kwandura Tsindika, ni yo mpamvu uburyo rusange bwo kuyirinda ari uburyo bwo gukoresha miti yica udukoko tuyitera.
• Ubundi buryo bwafasha mu kwirinda iyo ndwara ni ukurandura no gukuraho burundu ibihingwa byarangije kwandura mbere y’uko mikorobi zikwirakwira hose.
• Uburyo bw’akato bukumira iyinjizwa mu gihugu ry’ibihingwa byanduye. Insina yanduye akenshi ntiyana, ariko iyo yannye yera agatoki katameze neza, byagaragara ko kirwaye bikaba byakoroha kumenya ko kifitemo virusi kugira ngo amategeko agenga ishyirwa mu kato yubahirizwe.
• Kuko ibitoki atari byo byonyine byandura, ibindi bihingwa bishobora kwandura virusi  na byo bigomba kugenzurwa bigaterwa imiti  yabugenewe irwanya utwo dukoko.

vi) Imfunyarazi y’insina

Imfunyarazi y’insina ni indwara na virusi. Ibimenyetso byayo by’ibanze ni ibibara biza ku mababi no kwisatura k’umutumba. Iyo iyi ndwara imaze igihe, ibyo bibara bishobora gutera kubora, ubwo bubore bukagera ku ntimatima y’umutumba, nyuma igihingwa cyose kikabora.

Uburyo bwo kuyirinda

• Insina zirwaye zigomba gutemagurwa bigasimbuzwa inzima
• Ingemwe z’insina zatuburiwe muri laburatwari zikomoka ku nsina nzima ni zo zonyine zigomba gukwirakwizwa hagati y’ibihugu kugira ngo zituburwe, ariko na bwo bigomba kwitonderwa kuko indwara ishobora kwihisha mu tunyangingo duto tw’igihingwa.

Gusarura Ibitoki

Urutoki rwera hagati y’amezi 12 na 15 ku bitoki by’inzoga n’ibiribwa, no hagati y’amezi 18 na 20 ku bitoki by’imineke. Basarura hagati ya 8 T na 20 T/Ha z’ibitoki iyo insina zatewe kandi zikitabwaho hakurikijwe inama w’impuguke mu buhinzi. Igitoki cyera hashize iminsi hagati ya 75-80 nyuma yo kwana. Iyo umaze kubona igitoki cyeze, ugitemesha umuhoro cyangwa icyuma gityaye. Usiga nka cm 15-20 z’umuvovo kugira ngo bikorohere kugiterura, cyane cyane iyo ari kinini. Ushobora gusarura iseri rimwe cyangwa menshi y’igitoki. Ubusanzwe amaseri yose ntakomerera rimwe, ibyo bikaba byatuma gusarura igitoki bikorwa mu bihe bitandukanye bitewe n’igihe wifuza kubiteka. Iyo umaze gusarura ibitoki, ubibika ahantu hafutse, mu gicucu kandi ntibibikwa mu byuma bikonjesha kuko bibyangiza.

Gutunganya umusaruro w’ibitoki

Nyuma yo gusarura, umuhinzi akoresha ibitoki akurikije ubwoko bwabyo:

• Ibitoki biribwa biratekwa hakurikijwe uko bikenewe cyangwa bikagurishwa ku isoko;
• Ibitoki byengwamo imitobe n’inzoga biratarwa hanyuma bikengwamo imitobe, urwagwa, divayi n’inzoga zindi zikaze….

• Ibitoki byikuzwa biratarwa hanyuma bikaribwa cyangwa bikagurishwa ku isoko.