Puwavulo

Gutegura umurima

Gutegura umurima wo guhumbika puwavuro

-Uko bikorwa:

• Gutema ibihuru
• Gutegura ubutaka
• Kwegeranya ibikoresho bikenewe no guhitamo umurama ufunze kandi wujuje ubuziranenge
• Kuvanga neza ifumbire mu butaka
• Gupima ingero z’ubuhumbikiro n’inguni zazo
• Guhinga neza ubutaka bufumbiye no kubuzamura byibura kugera kuri cm 30 z’uburebure no kuburinganiza
• Gutangira impande z’ubuhumbikiro bakoresheje ibiti, imitumba y’insina cyangwa amashami y’ibiti
• Guca imirongo igororotse itambitse hakurikijwe intera yemewe
• Gutera witonze umurama wa puwavuro ku ntera itandukanyijwe na cm 1-2 (urugero rureshya n’urugingo rw’urutoki) nyuma ukarenzaho agataka gake
• Kuvomerera ubuhumbikiro ku buryo buhagije
• Gukora indi mirimo yose isabwa mu buhumbikiro nko kubagara no kurwanya ibyonnyi, kwicira mu rwego rwo kugabanya ubucucike bw’ingemwe ibyo bigakorwa ingemwe zaramaze kumera neza.
• Kubakira ubuhumbikiro ngo haze igicucu kirinda ingemwe kononekara kubera umuyaga cyangwa ibitonyanga biremereye by’imvura
• Gutwikira ubutaka bakoresheje utwatsi duke nyuma yo guhumbika ariko tugakurwaho vuba bishoboka igihe umurama utangiye kumera tukazakoreshwa mu gusasira.
• Kureka ingemwe zigafata bagabanya kuvomerera kenshi banagabanya isakaro mu byumweru 1-2 mbere yo kugemura kugira ngo ingemwe zikomere.

. Gutegura umurima

Ni ngombwa guhitamo ahantu hari umurima wayoborewe amazi neza kandi udaheruka guhingwamo imbuto zo mu bwoko bw’ibihingwa birabya mbere yo kweramu gihe cya vuba.

Gutegura umurima

Ni ngombwa guhitamo ahantu hari umurima wayoborewe amazi neza kandi udaheruka guhingwamo imbuto zo mu bwoko bw’ibihingwa birabya mbere yo kweramu gihe cya vuba.

Gutwikiriza ibishishwa by’umuceri mu murima bagiye guteramo mbere yo guhumbika ndetse no kuzamura umurima ho nka cm 15 z’uburebure kugira ngo byorohe kuyoboramo amazi bigabanya ibibazo by’indwara zishobora guturuka mu butaka. Umurama uterwa ku mirongo utandukanyijwe na cm 6. Ubutaka butwikirizwa agafumbire gake kanoze cyangwa isaso y’ibishishwa by’umuceri.

Puwavuro ziterwa mu buhumbikiro kugira ngo zizamuke vuba zinakure vuba. Ni byiza gutera umurama wujuje ubuziranenge kugira ngo umusaruro uzabe mwiza. Nyuma ingemwe zigemurirwa mu murima wateguwe. Umurima wigiye hejuru utuma kuyobora amazi mu murima byoroha. Umurima ushobora gutegurwa mu buryo bwinshi. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe imitabo ikorwa ku buryo busanzwe ifite ubugari bwa m 1 n’imiyoboro ya cm 50 z’ ubugari. Uburebure bw’umurima buterwa n’igihe cy’ihinga: cm 20 mu gihe cy’izuba na cm 35 mu gihe cy’imvura.

Isaso ikozwe mu bishishwa by’umuceri cyangwa mu bindi bimera ikoreshwa batwikira ubutaka. Akamaro k’isaso ni ukugumisha ifumbire mu butaka, kugumisha ubuhehere mu butaka no kugabanya kumera kw’ibyatsi bibi.

Gutera imbuto

Gukomeza imbuto mu butaka mu gihe cy’iminsi 5 bikorwa bagabanya igipimo cy’amazi yo kuvomerera bakanareka ingemwe zigahura n’urumuri rw’izuba. Ingemwe nziza ni izigeze ku cyiciro cyo kugira amababi 4 cyangwa 5 (zimaze nk’ibyumweru 4), zikomeye, zitarwaye, zitararabya. Kugemura bikorwa mu masaha ya mu gitondo kare cyangwa ku masaha akuze ya nimugoroba cyangwa ku munsi waranzwe n’ikibunda kugira ngo ibyago byo kwangirika kw’ingemwe bigabanuke. Ingemwe ziterwa mu twobo maze imitwe ikagaragara hejuru y’ubutaka. Kuvomerera mu murima bikorwa vuba cyane bishoboka nyuma yo kugemeka

Mu turere twinshi, imitabo y’ubugari bwa m 1.5  (uruhavu ku rundi), na cm 30 z’uburebure ni byo bikunze gukoreshwa. Bagemura imirongo ibiri kuri buri mutabo. Imirongo ibiri kuri buri mutabo itandukanywa na cm 50, n’urugemwe n’urundi bigatandukanywa na cm 50 kuri buri murongo. Ibyo bituma ubucucike bw’ingemwe bugera ku ngemwe 26,670/ha.

Kwita ku gihingwa

Ubuhinzi bwa puwavuro busaba ihinduranya ry’imyaka mu murima. Urugero, guhinga puwavuro mu murima uvuyemo umuceri bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara no kuzana iminyorogoto. Inama nziza ni ukudahinga puwavuro mu murima uvuyemo inyanya vuba, urusenda, intoryi cyangwa ibindi bihingwa byo mu muryango umwe kuko ibyo bihingwa bisangiye udukoko tubyangiza ndetse n’indwara zikaba ari zimwe.

Ibyatsi bibi no guhangana na byo

Ibyatsi bibi bigomba kurwanywa kuko bicuranwa na puwavuro urumuri, amazi n’ibizitunga. Rimwe na rimwe ibyatsi bibi biba indiri y’udukoko n’indwara zanduza igihingwa.

 

Ifoto: Icyatsi cya kurisuka

Imirima ya puwavuro ikunda kwibasirwa n’ibyatsi bibi bimera rimwe mu mwaka nk’umunyu wa nyamanza cyangwa kurisuka, inyabarasanya (Bidens pilosa) n’amoko y’imbwija. Ibyo byatsi kubirwanya biroroshye bakoresheje uburyo bwo gusasira, kubirandura mbere y’uko bizana indabo bigatwikwa, no guhinduranya imyaka mu murima. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bidakomeza gukurira mu murima. Mu gihe isaso idashoboye kuboneka cyangwa idashoboye kurwanya ibyatsi bibi uko bikwiye ni ngombwa gukoresha ubundi buryo bwizewe.

Inama nziza ni ugushyira toni 10-30 z’ifumbire kuri ha mu butaka butari bwiza ntibube bubi ndetse n’ubutaka bubi. Puwavuro zagombye gufumbizwa ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo zere imbuto nziza. Mu gihe ugiye guhitamo uburyo bwo guhinga ni ngombwa kumenya ibisabwa n’ubutaka ugiye guhingamo n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu buhinzi mu gace ugiye guhingamo. Gukora inyigo y’ubutaka ni ngombwa. Ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote igomba gushyirwa mu murima mbere yo kugemura, nyuma yaho ikongerwamo mu byiciro ku byumweru 2, 4 kugeza kuri 6 nyuma yo kugemura.

Kuvomerera/ Kuhira

Kuvomerera/Kuhira ni ingenzi cyane mu buhinzi bwa puwavuro. Puwavuro zigira imizi migufi bityo ntizibasha kwihanganira kugamagara k’ubutaka. Puwavuro zikenera amazi cyane by’umwihariko mu gihe cyo kuzana uruyange no kuzana imbuto. Umurima ugomba kuvomererwa mu gihe bigaragara ko ingemwe ziraba mu masaha y’amanywa. Kuyobora amazi mu ruhavu cyangwa kuvomerera urugemwe ku rundi ni ngombwa iyo bishoboka. Si byiza kuvomerera basuka amazi ku mababi kuko amababi n’imbuto bitose byoroshya ikwirakwira ry’indwara. Mu gihe hakoreshejwe kuvomerera baturutse hejuru si byiza kuvomerera mu masaha atinze ya nimugoroba kuko ibihingwa bigomba kuba byumutse mbere y’uko bwira.

Uburyo bukomatanyije bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi

Amoko menshi y’udukoko ashobora gufata puwavuro. Mu dukoko duteye inkeke cyane harimo utu dukurikira:

Ubukoko, nk’isazi zera, uduhunduguru n’inda dushobora kwanduza virusi ingemwe za puwavuro zikiri nto. Gutwikiriza ubuhumbikiro umwenda w’akayunguruzobirinda ubwandu ubwo ari bwo bwose. Uwo mwenda w’akayunguruzo unazirinda kwangizwa n’imvura nyinshi.

Inanda zangiza inyanya zirapfumura zikinjira imbere mu rubuto. Imiti yica udukoko nka Bacillus thuringiensis n’amavubi ahiga udukoko (parasitic wasps) bikoreshwa mu guhangana n’ibyo byonnyi.

 

Inanda zangiza inyanya

Uduhunduguru twangiza ipamba ni ubukoko butungwa n’amatembabuzi yo mu mababi ya puwavuro bigatuma amababi yihinahina. Uduhunduguru kandi turema ibintu bimatira nk’isukari bigera aho bigahindura amababi umukara kandi akabora. Uburyo bwo kurwanya uduhunduguru ni ugukoresha imiti yica udukoko, gukoresha isaso yirukana udukoko no guhinduranya imyaka mu murima.

 

Uduhunduguru twangiza ipamba

Uduhunduguru natwo zinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu mababi ya puwavuro bigatuma yuma, ibice by’imbere bikuma n’amababi akihina areba hejuru. Barwanya uduhunduguru barandura ibyatsi bibi bicumbikira utwo dukoko, bahinduranya imyaka mu murima banatera imiti yica udukoko.

 

Uduhunduguru n’uburyotwangiza urubuto rwa puwavuro

Imiswa ni udukoko dushobora kwangiza cyane mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe. Ibyana byatwo bitungwa n’igice cyo munsi cy’amababi bigatera amababi kumagara no kuvunagurika. Imbuto zirabemba. Utu dukoko baturwanya batera imbuto z’ubwoko bwihanganira indwara, bakuraho ibyatsi bibi ari byo ndiri y’utwo dukoko, guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, no gutera imiti yica ubwo bwoko bw’udukoko.

Imiswa ni udukoko dushobora kwangiza cyane mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe. Ibyana byatwo bitungwa n’igice cyo munsi cy’amababi bigatera amababi kumagara no kuvunagurika. Imbuto zirabemba. Utu dukoko baturwanya batera imbuto z’ubwoko bwihanganira indwara, bakuraho ibyatsi bibi ari byo ndiri y’utwo dukoko, guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, no gutera imiti yica ubwo bwoko bw’udukoko.

 

Imiswa n’uburyo yangiwa igihingwa cya puwavuro

 

Imihingire irwanya ibyonnyi

 

• Gutoratora no kwica udukoko tugaragara
• Guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo guhinduranya imyaka mu murima

• Kuraza umurima
• Gukoresha neza (kenshi) ifumbire mvaruganda
• Guhinga ubwoko bubasha guhangana n’indwara
• Guhingira ku gihe
• Kugira isuku y’ibihingwa

 

Inama y’uko bahinduranya ibihingwa mu murima

Ibitunguru	Ibishyimbo	Puwavuro
Ibishyimbo	Puwavuro	Ibitunguru
Puwavuro	Ibitunguru	Ibishyimbo

Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya Udukoko

Igihingwa cya puwavuro gihura n’indwara nyinshi. Zimwe mu ndwara rusange za puwavuro harimo izi zikurikira:

Ibibara biterwa na Bagiteri: ni ikibazo kuri puwavuro cyane cyane mu gihe cy’imvura. Irangwa n’utubara duto twiremarema ku mababi. Nyuma yaho amababi ahinduka umuhondo akanahunguka. Imbuto nazo zirabemba. Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara hakoreshwa uburyo bwo guhinga imbuto zujuje ubuziranenge, guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, no gutera imvange y’imiti yica udukoko yabugenewe

 

Ibibara biterwa na Bagiteri ku mababi ya Puwaruroi

• Ububore buterwa na Bagiteri: ni indwara mbi cyane ku mbuto za puwavuro. Imbuto zafashwe ziraraba zikanagana nk’amasashi arimo amazi. Mu buryo bwo guhangana n’iyi ndwara harimo guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, kwigiza ubutaka hejuru ngo byorohe kuvomerera, gusasira kugira ngo bigayamye imyanda izanwa n’amazi, no gusarura neza imbuto zeze ku buryo zidakomereka.

 

Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ububore ku mbuto

• Indwara ziterwa na Virusi: Virusi nyishi zitera indwara igihingwa cya puwavuro. Inyinshi mu ndwara zizwi ni nk’Ububembe bw’itabi,  Ububembe bufata uduhaza duto twa Konkombure, indwara itera ibibara ku rusenda n’indwara izana utudomo kuri puwavuro. Ibimenyetso by’izi ndwara bishobora kuba mu ishusho y’ububembe cyangwa ibibara ku mababi, kwangirika kw’amababi n’imbuto za puwavuro no kugwingira kw’igiti cya puwavuro. Virus nyinshi zishobora kurwanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinga ubwoko buhangana n’indwara. Ubundi buryo bwo guhangana na virusi ni ukugabanya udukoko tuzitera. Ibyo bikorwa bakuramo ibyatsi bibi byo ndiri y’udukoko, batera imiti yica udukoko yabugenewe batwikiriza utuyunguruzo dukoze imbago.

 

Ibimenyetso by’indwara ziterwa na virusi

Ishusho ya mbere:1,2,3: Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ububembe ifata Konkombure

Ishusho ya 4: Virusi y’ibirayi

Ishusho ya 5: Virusi y’inyanya

Ishusho ya 6: Virusi itera ibibara kuri puwavuro

Ishusho ya 7: Ububembe bw’imbuto

Ishusho ya 8: Virusi itera ibibara ku nyanya.

• Ibibara ku mababi bya Cercospora ( Soma Serikosipora) ni indwara ifata amababi  akazana ibibara binini bias nk’amaso y’igikeri. Utu duhumyo tuboneka cyane cyane mu gihe cy’imvura no mu gihe ibihingwa bihinze bicucitse cyane. Imiti yica udukoko ishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya iyi ndwara.

 

Ibibara bifata amababi bya Cercospora

• Kirabiranya y’uruti rwa Puwavuro no n’imbuto

 

Ifoto: Kirabiranya ku gihingwa cya puwavuro

Byagaragaye ko uduhumyo twitwa Nectria haematococca (anamorph Fusarium solani) ari two dutera indwara yo kurabirana kw’igiti no kubora kw’imbuto kuri puwavuro zihinze mu nzu zabugenewe.  Ifata ahakomerekejwe ku ntangiriro y’igiti n’ahakomerekejwe n’iyangizwa ry’amababi cyangwa gusarura nabi imbuto zeze.

Ibimenyetso

Ku giti cya puwavuro hazaho ububore bufobagana busa n’ibara ry’ibihogo ryijimye cyangwa umukara, bikunda kuza cyane cyane mu ngingo z’igiti cyangwa ahakomeretse. Ibi bishobora gufata igiti cya puwavuro ku cyiciyo cya nyuma cy’ikura ry’indwara. Habaho guhindura ibara mu gice cy’imbere mu giti

rigasa n’ikijuju cyijimye bishobora no gukwirakwira ahantu hanini. Uko gukomereka gushobora kuzana ububembe buto buto busa n’ibara rya oranje yoroheje, bungana na  (<1 mm z’ umurambararo), buterwa n’uduhumyo.

 

Ifoto: Ububembe bwirabura ku giti cya puwavuro           Ibikomere byirabura bizengurutse umutwe

w’urubuto rwa puwavuro

 

Guhangana n’indwara

• Guhinga ubwoko budapfa kwandura igihe buhari
• Gukura mu murima ibiti byafashwe n’uburwayi, no gusukura ubugi bw’ibikoresho bikata ukoresheje umuti wabugenewe ( igice cy’amazi ya Javeli mu mazi angana n’inshuro enye)
• Gukoresha  imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko dutandukanye mu murima, nk’ibivumvuri byangiza Konkombure, bizwi mu gukwirakwiza indwara
• Inyongeramusaruro ziganjemo Azote  zishobora kongera ibyago byo kwandura, ibyiza ni ugupima ubutaka no gukoresha ifumbire ikora gahoro gahoro mu murima w’imboga
•  Kurandura ibyatsi bibi hakoreshejwe intoki- amoko menshi y’ibyatsi bibi aba indiri y’udukoko dutera indwara.

Kubora k’indiba y’urubuto

Kubora kw’indiba y’imbuto bishoboa gutera igihombo gikabije ku musaruro wa puwavuro, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z’igihembwe cy’ihinga. Kutavomerara ku buryo buhoraho no kubura kwa karisiyumu bishobora guhungabanya inyanya, puwavuro, Konkombure n’intoryi bigatuma imbuto zibora indiba. Iyi ndwara rusange ikunda guterwa no gukururumba gutewe n’ifumbire nyinshi, igipimo cy’umunyu kiri hejuru ndetse no kumagara k’ubutaka.

Ibimenyetso: Kubora k’indiba z’imbuto ni ihungabana ry’igihingwa rituma gihinduka kikijima, kikanacukuka ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’urubuto ku bihingwa nk’inyanya, puwavuro, n’intoryi. Kuri puwavuro, ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara bishobora no kugaragara mu mpande z’urubuto hafi y’agasongero. Ibibara byayo bikunda kuba ari ikijuju, igaju cyangwa umukara ariko ntibigomba kwitiranywa n’iby’uburwayi bwo kubabuka butera igihingwa kweruruka cyangwa kubengerana. Mikorobi zitera ubu burwayi zishobora kugaruka ku nshuro ya kabiri zigafata ahasanzwe harwaye bityo bigatera urubuto rwose kubora.

 

Ifoto: Kubora k’indiba y’urubuto rwa puwavuro

Kuyirwanya

Kubera ko iyi indwara ifata puwavuro ziterwa na kamere y’icyi gihingwa, gutera imiti yica udukoko ntacyo byamara mu rwego rwo guhangana n’indwara. Inama zigirwa umuhinzi ni izi zikurikira:

Guhitamo gutera imbuto z’ubwoko budapfa kwandura igihe bishoboka

1. Kwirinda ibibazo hitabwa ku butaka bukagumana ubuhehere no gutera imiti irimo karisiyumu ku mababi
2. Mu gihe cyo gutera, kongera mu butaka karisiyumu iri ku gipimo cyo hejuru- ifu y’amagufa- ibikonoshwa cyangwa umunyungugu wa Gypsum ( soma Jipusamu) birinda kwiyongera kw’indwara
3. Gusasira (hakoreshejwe ibishogoshogo, imborera, ibyatsi) bifasha ubutaka kuguma buhehereye mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe, mu gihe cy’impeshyi nko muri Nyakanga na Kanama bikanatuma ubutaka bwose bugumana igipimo cyimwe cy’amazi.
4. Gutera ku mababi imiti y’amazi irimo Karisiyumu (5% (1-2 ikiyiko cyo ku meza/ ijerekani y’amazi) bigabanya ibyago byo kubura ibitunga igihingwa by’ingenzi.
5. Kwirinda gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zifite Azote iri ku gipimo cyo hejuru kuko ituma igihingwa gikururumba ikagabanya n’ubushobozi bw’igihingwa bwo kunyunyuza Karisiyum

Urubobi  rufata Puwavuro

Ikirutera: Uduhumyo twitwa Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana), ni ibyuririzi bifata ku buryo bworoshye igihingwa kitameze neza, cyangiritse cyangwa ibice by’igihingwa byo hejuru y’ubutaka. Ubu burwayi bukunda kwibasira cyane ibihingwa byatewe mu mazu bahingamo ariko bushobora no gufata ibihingwa biteye mu mirima isanzwe. Igice cyose cya puwavuro cyo hejuru y’ubutaka gishobora gufatwa n’ubu burwayi ariko kenshi na kenshi uburwayi bukunda gufata indabo zitangiye guhonga cyangwa imbuto zangijwe n’ubushyuhe bw’izuba.

Udutwiko tw’uduhumyo dutera urubobi  (spores conidia) twororoka mu gihe cyose cy’ikura ry’igihingwa, mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe butandukanye ndetse n’igihe cy’ubuhehere. Ikirere cyiza ni dogere 68°F ariko uduhumyo dushobora kororoka hagati ya dogere 50° na 80°F), ubuhehere bukabije ndetse n’amazi areka ku buso bw’ibihingwa na byo byorohereza indwara gufata puwavuro kimwe n’ingemwe zicukitse ndetse n’uburyo bwo kuvomerera butuma ibihingwa bitinda kumuka.

 

Urubuto rwa puwavuro ruriho urubobi                            Urubobi cyangwa  uduhumyo tuza ku dushami

rurebewe hejuru, Cynthia M. Ocamb, 2012.                      bishobora gutuma urubuto rupfa

 

Ibimenyetso: Mbere na mbere ibimenyetso bigaragara kuri ndabo, ku mbuto zakomeretse cyangwa ku mababi atangiye guhonga; bitangira ari ibikomere byijimye, binyenya amazi, nyuma ibice byafashwe bigahinduka igaju ivanze n’ikijuju kandi bisa n’ibitumuka uko mikorobi zigenda ziyongera.

Kurinda igihingwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinga

• Guhinduranya puwavuro n’ibishyimbo bigasimbuzwa ibinyampeke n’ibigori byibura mu gihe cy’imyaka 2

• Gushyira mu murima ifumbire mbisi cyangwa gusasira imyaka no kureka ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa bikaborera mu murima mbere yo guhingamo igihingwa gishya
• Kugabanya ivomerera mu gihe cy’uruyange na nyuma yarwo. Kuvomerera mu gitondo kugira ngo ibihingwa bitagumana amazi mu gihe kirenze amasaha 12. Mu duce tumwe na tumwe abahinzi bashobora kuba bafite ubushobozi bwo kuvomerera n’amazi menshi mu gihe cy’uruyange ariko bigasaba ko bagabanya igipimo cy’amazi nyuma yaho bagakoresha make ashoboka
• Kwirinda gufumbiza ifumbire yifitemo Azote nyinshi

Kuvura uburwayi bwa puwavuro hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire

• Gukoresha imiti yabugenewe yica udukoko (Carboxamide (Group 7),  , Endura: gr 100/ Are, Fontelis: gr 283.50- gr 566.99/ Are),…..

• Uruhumbu

Uruhumbu ni indwara itera kurumbya umusaruro wa puwavuro ku buryo bugaragara. Uduhumyo dutera iyo ndwara twihisha mu buryo bwinshi tugakwirakwizwa na za mikorobi zizanwa

n’umuyaga. Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara ku gihingwa cya puwavuro.

Ibimenyetso

Ibimenyetso by’ibanze by’indwara y’ibifu bitumuka ku gihingwa cya puwavuro ni ukwiyongera kw’ibifu by’umweru biva ku duhumyo mu gipande cyo hasi cy’amababi naho hejuru ku mababi hakagira ibara ry’icyatsi cyerurutse kijya kuba umuhondo (Ifoto 1). Uko igihe gihita, ibyo bice bihindura ibara bigasa n’igaju maze ibice byafashwe n’uburwayi bikihuza, nyuma ikibabi cyose kigahinduka umuhondo. Udutwe tw’amababi dushobora kwihinahina tureba hejuru. Amababi akuze yo hasi ni yo abanza kwandura no kugaragaza ibimenyetso byo kwandura mbere y’amababi akiri mashya. Amababi yafashwe ahunguka ku giti mbere y’igihe. Uko gutakaza ibice by’amababi bikerereza igihingwa gukura bikanabuza ukwirema kw’imbuto. Guhunguka kw’amababi kandi gutuma imbuto zitara ku rumuri rw’izuba bityo bikaba byatuma zotswa n’ubushyuhe bw’izuba.

 

Ifoto: uruhumburwera ku mababi ya puwavuro

Kurinda igihingwa

Urumuri rukeya n’ubuhehere bukabije biri mu bitera kororoka kw’indwara y’uduhumyo itera uruhumbu ku gihingwa cya puwavuro. Uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga bushobora kugabanya ibyo bibazo bufasha kugabanya ubukana bw’iyo ndwara. Ni byiza guhitamo umurima wayoborewe amazi neza kandi ugeramo umwuka uhagije. Kudatera ingemwe zicucitse no gutera ku mirongo kugira ngo umwuka winjire neza n’urumuri rubashe gucengera mu rugara rw’amababi. Ni byiza kwirinda gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zikabije ubwinshi kuko zitera ibihingwa kugunduka bigatuma amababi ahinduka nk’igihuru. Mu gihe ubuhinzi bukorewe mu nzu zabugenewe, ni byiza kongera igipimo cy’ubushyuhe mu nzu kuko bigabanya igipimo cy’ubuhehere bityo bikagabanya kororoka kw’indwara.

Uburyo bwa kabiri bwo kwirinda indwara y’u’uruhumbu ku mababi ya puwavuro ni ugutera imiti yica udukoko. Hariho amoko atandukanye y’imiti yica udukoko mu rwego rwo kurwanya indwara y’uruhumbu ku mababi ya puwavuro. Nyamara intera yagombye kuba mbere y’isarura iba itandukanye kuko igihingwa gifata ikindi gihe cyo kwisubira. Uburyo bwemewe bwo guhangana n’uburyo igihingwa cyanga imiti yica udukoko bugomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo hirindwe iyororoka ry’udukoko tudapfa kwicwa n’imiti.

Gutera imiti bigira akamaro cyane mu gihe ibimenyetso by’indwara byagaragaye mbere y’igihe no kuba imiti yatewe neza ku mababi yose. Gutera umuti bigombwa gukorwa mbere y’uko ibimenyetso by’indwara bigaragara, kuko indwara ubwayo bitoroshye kuyihashya igihe yamaze gufata igihingwa. Gutera umuti bwa mbere byagombye gukorwa bishingiye ku gihe iyo ndwara

yagaragaye mu karere. Igipimo cy’umuti uterwa n’imbaraga uteranwa bijyanye n’ubwoko bw’umuti bigomba kuba bihagije ku buryo bigera no ku mababi yo hasi ndetse no ku gice cyo munsi ku mababi aho uburwayi bufata.

Ruyongobezamimero

Ruyongobezamimero ni indwara iterwa mbere na mbere n’uduhumyo twitwa Pythium spp. Ingemwe zikimera zafashwe n’iyi ndwara ntabwo zizamuka mu butaka cyangwa se ziraba zikizamura imitwe mu butaka. Agati kazo kaba kijimye muri rusange kandi kagwingiriye mu butaka. Muri rusange iyi ndwara iboneka cyane mu turere imiyoboro y’amazi mu mirima ari nkene cyangwa se mu butaka bukomeye, ariko umurima wose ushobora gufatwa cyane cyane mu gihe imbuto zatewe mbere y’igihe zigahura n’imvura.

 

Ifoto:Ruyongobezamimero kuri        Ifoto: Ruyongobezamimero ku ngemwe za puwavuro

puwavuro zikimera

Ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara ku gihingwa cya puwavuro harimo kurabirana cyangwa gupfa burundu kw’igihingwa. Kwitegereza witonze imizi cyangwa igihimba cya puwavuro ni ngombwa kugira ngo ubone neza icyateye indwara. Iyi ndwara ishobora gufata igihingwa cya puwavuro mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy’imikurire. Ari imizi y’ingenzi ari n’utuzi duto duto dushamitseho tugaragara nk’utwinamye mu mazi, ibibara by’igaju yijimye inyuma n’ imbere.

Guhangana n’iyi ndwara

Mu bintu bishobora gutera iyororoka ry’indwara ya Ruyongobezamimero no kubora kw’imizi n’igihimba bya puwavuro mu gihe runaka cy’ihinga harimo gutera ubwoko butihanganira indwara, igipimo cy’amazi n’inshuro zo kuvomerera, gukomera k’ubutaka n’uburyo bwo kuvomerera. Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, kuyobora neza amazi mu murima no gutera ingemwe nzima ni ingenzi cyane mu guhangana n’iyi ndwara. Imirima yaba yaragaragayemo indwara yo kubora imizi n’igihimba iba igomba guterwamo imiti yica uduhumyo mu gihe cyo gutera.

Birashoboka kurwanya iyi ndwara ku buryo bwizewe bukurikira:

• Gutera ubwoko bwihanganira indwara
• Gutera ingemwe zisukuye
• Gutunganya neza umurima ndatse n’ubuhumbikiro
• Kumenya uburyo bwiza bwo kuvomerera
• Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima mu gihe cy’imyaka 2 birinda ibihingwa birwara cyane
• Gutera imiti yabugenewe.

Gusarura

Imbuto za puwavuro zagombye gusarurwa mu gihe zamaze gukura neza kandi zikomeye. Ubusanzwe zisarurwa mbere y’uko zitangira guhindura ibara (zitaraba umutuku cyangwa umuhondo) keretse mu gihe bashaka kuzikoresha gutyo ku zindi mpamvu. Ibiti bya puwavuro biroroha cyane ni yo mpamvu mu gusarura hakoreshwa icyuma. Bisaba gusarura witonze kugira ngo utangiza igiti. Akenshi puwavuro zisarurwa ibyumweru 6-8 kugeza ubwo zinaniwe kongera kwera.

Igihe cy’umwero

Puwavuro zisarurwa mu gihe cy’amazi 3-4 nyuma yo guterwa, bigakorwa bacisha intoki imbuto za puwavuro bahereye ku zo hasi zeze neza.

Kwita kumusaruro

Umusaruro wa puwavuro ugomba gufatwa neza witondewe kandi ugapakirwa kimwe. Puwavuro zibikwa ahantu hafutse. Mu gihe bishoboka, puwavuro zibikwa ahantu hinjira akayaga neza ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe cya dogere 10 mu buhehere bwa 90 kugera kuri 95%.

 

Puwavuro zisaruwe ari mbisi zigomba kubikwa hagati ya dogere 7 kugeza kuri dogere 10 na 95% by’ubuhehere. Igihe puwavuro zagombye kumara mu bubiko zitononekaye mu gihe zabitswe muri ubwo buryo ni ibyumweru 3-5. Igihe zibikika kigenwa n’ibura ry’ubuhehere. Puwavuro zitinya ubukonje bukabije iyo zibitswe ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe kiri munsi ya dogere 7. Mu bimenyetso by’ubukonje bukabije kuri puwavuro harimo kotswa n’ubukonje no kunyenya amazi. Mu bimenyetso bigaragara inyuma kuri puwavuro harimo kubora ku ndiba no kugira ikibara cy’umukara. Kubora kw’indiba y’urubuto rwa puwavuro birangwa n’ibikomere byijimye kandi bicukuye ku ndiba y’urubuto.