Inkori

Gutegura Ubutaka

Ubutaka bushobora gutegurwa n’amaboko hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by’intoki byemeranyijweho (isuka cyangwa ibindi bikoresho). Kenshi iyo ubutaka bugiye guhingwamo inkori ari ubutaka bwasaruwemo, gutegura umurima bigendana no guhinga no gusakumamo ibisigazwa by’imyaka ako kanya. Ariko mu gihe umurima utari uhinzemo kuwutegura bihera mu gutema ibihuru hakoreshejwe amashoka n’imihoro mbere yo gutangira guhinga. Ibiti binini n’ibihuru byo mu murima bitemeshwa amaboko, ibyatsi n’ibiti byaguye mu murima bigakurwamo. Gutegura imitabo bishobora gukorwa nyuma yo gusanza iyo guhinga kumitabo ari byo bitegetswe.  Byibura kuva ku minsi 5 kugeza kuri 7 ni cyo gihe cyemewe kuri buri cyiciro cy’itegura ry’ ubutaka kugira ngo ibihuru n’ibyatsi byatemwe bibe bimaze kubora no kubyara ifumbire bityo byongere uburumbuke mu butaka  kugira ngo imbuto zizamere neza zinakure neza. Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubutaka bwizeweho kuzagira umusaruro utubutse w’inkori. Umuhinzi agomba rero guhitamo ubutaka bw’urusenyi n’inombe bwayoborewe amazi neza mu turere tugwamo imvura nyinshi.

Gutera imbuto

Amoko menshi y’inkori avangwa n’ibindi bihingwa nk’ amasaka, ibigori, ingano n’imyumbati. Inkori bakunda kuzihinga hafi y’ingo kugira ngo bazasoromeho umushogoro.

 

Mu gutera inkori, intera iratandukanye cyane, kenshi na kenshi iva kuri cm 30 × cm 40 mu gihe cy’imvura nke no kuva kuri  cm 40 × cm 75 ku moko y’inkori yera vuba kandi maremare. Intera ngari ya cm 55 x cm 75 ikoreshwa muri rusange ku moko y’inkori atinda kwera cyangwa arimo akwirakwizwa hagaterwa imbuto 2 cyangwa 3 mu ibimba. Uburyo bwo kubiba umisha  ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane n’abahinzi bo mu cyaro  muri Afurika no muri Sudani y’epfo by’umwihariko iyo inkori zahinganywe n’ibindi bihingwa ngandurarugo. Imbuto z’inkori ziterwa muri cm 2 kugeza kuri 3 z’ubujyakuzimu. Nyamara gutera imbuto 3 kugeza kuri 4 bituma inkori zimera neza bigatuma zikura ari nyinshi.

Kwita ku gihingwa

(i) Inyongeramusaruro

Inkori zera neza zitagombeye inyongeramusaruro iyo ziri mu butaka bwera. Mu butaka butera neza zisaba kongererwa umunyu wa Fosifori na Potasiyumu ndetse kenshi na kenshi na Azote. Azote iri ku rugero rwa kg 10 /ha iterwa mu gihe cyo gutera imbuto z’inkori naho  kg 40 kugeza kuri kg 70/ha za Potasiyumu n’inyongeramusaruro za Fosifori zikaba zashyirwamo mbere yo gutera.

 (ii) Kuhira

Amazi y’inyongera mu murima w’inkori ni ngombwa mu duce amazi y’imvura igwa mu mwaka ari munsi ya mm 400. Mu gihe kitari icy’imvura ni ngombwa kuyopbora amazi mu murima w’inkori buri minsi ibiri kugira ngo ibihingwa bibashe guhangana n’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe ndetse n’ingaruka z’igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ubushyuhe buturuka mu bihingwa mu gihe cy’izuba.

(iii) Kubagara

Ibyatsi bibi ni imbogamizi ikomeye mu buhinzi bw’inkori. Iyo ibyatis bibi bidakuwe mu murima w’inkori ku buryo buhoraho bishobora kuba indiri y’ibyonnyi bityo bikagabanya umusaruro ndetse n’ubwiza bw’imbuto z’inkori. Uretse ibyo kandi, ibishogoshogo na byo biratuba kuko inkori zidashobora guhangana n’ibizinyunyuza  by’umwihariko mu gihe zikimera. Mu yandi magambo, inkori zagombye kurindwa ibyatsi bibi nyuma yo guterwa. Iyo inkori zigumye aho zitabagawe ibyatsi bibi birazinyunyuza bityo bikazagira ingaruka zo gutubya umusaruro. Mu gihe cyo gukura, ibyatsi bibi bicura inkori urumuri, amazi n’intungagihingwa. Ibyatsi bibi bishobora gutera igabanuka ry’umusaruro ku rwego ruruta urwaterwa n’udukoko, mikorobi, virusi, imiyege n’indwara kandi bikagabanura ubwiza bw’imbuto. Muri rusange, hariho ubwoko bubiri bukoreshwa mu guhangana n’ibyatsi bibi mu murima w’inkori :

(a) Kubagara hakoreshejwe amaboko: ubu ni uburyo bwo kubagara ibyatsi mu murima bukoreshwa cyane n’abahinzi bo mu cyaro muri Sudani y’epfo. Ibagara rya mbere hakoreshejwe isuka ikoreshwa n’amaboko rikorwa mu byumweru bibiri nyuma y’itera rikazakurikirwa n’ibagara rya kabiri  nyuma y’ibyumweru bitandatu. Mu duce tugwamo imvura nyinshi nka Greenbelt (soma Gurinibeliti), bishobora kuba ngombwa kubagara inshuro eshatu.

(b) Kubagara hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire: gukoresha imiti yica ibyatsi bibi ni uburyo bwizewe kandi bukora neza mu gihe umuhinzi abasha kubwigondera. Nyamara guhitamo ubu buryo n’igihe cyo kubukorehsa biterwa n’ubwoko bw’ibyatsi bibi ndetse no kuboneka kw’imiti yica ibyatsi bibi.

Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya Udukoko

Ibyonnyi

Udukoko twona imyaka ni  two tuza ku murongo wa mbere mu gutubya umusaruro no kwangiza ubwiza bw’amababi akoreshwa nk’imboga.

Mu byonnyi bikomeye by’inkori harimo:

(a) Inda z’ibishyimbo (Aphis fabae): inda ni udukoko tw’umukara tunyunyuza amatembabuzi, tuza tukirundanya ku mitwe y’inkori, ku gihimba, ku mababi cyangwa ku ruyange. Iyo dukabije kuba twinshi tubuza igihingwa kongera gukura uko bisanzwe. Ikimenyetso rusange kiba guhinduka umuhondo no kwangirika kw’amababi bitewe n’utwo dukoko. Gutera umuti wa Malathion, Menazon cyangwa Endosulfan bishobora kugabanya gukwirakwira k’utu dukoko mu murima w’inkori.

 

Inda z’ibishyimbo

(b) Imungu (Coryna spp), uduhunduguru n’udukoko tunyunyuza imiteja (Acanthomia horrida).

 

Imungu  zangiza inkori

(c) Nkongwa  ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori (Maruca testulalis)

Nkongwa  ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori ni icyonnyi kiboneka mu duce twumagara gishobora kwangiza imbuto. Ibyana byabyo bigira ibara risa n’icyatsi  cya elayo giciyemo ibidomo byijimye bitonze umurongo kandi bifite ubwoya. Birya uruyange bikarya n’ibitumbwe bityo bigateza igihombo kinini ku musaruro. Mu gihe ari ngombwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya ibyo byonnyi, ntabwo igomba gukoreshwa mbere yo gusoroma umushogoro wo guteka nk’ imboga.

 

Ifoto: Nkongwa  ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori

(d) Inyoni

Imimero y’inkori izamuka mu butaka igatunguka hejuru y’ubutaka. Igira ubushobozi bwo gukurura urumuri rukuza imyaka kugeza igihe hamereye amababi ya mbere ya nyayo abasha kwikururira urumuri. Inkori zigeze kuri icyi cyiciro zorohera inyoni nk’inuma, inkanga n’andi moko menshi y’inyoni aca iyo mimero no akayirya, ibyo bikangiza imimero itangiye kuzamuka. Kongera gutera imbuto aho zangiritse bigomba guhita bikorwa ako kanya. Inkanga zishobora kuba icyonnyi gikomeye mu gihe imiteja yatangiye kwiremamo imbuto z’inkori

 

e) Inkende zitukura zo muri Afurika

 

Zaba izisa n’ivu n’iz’ikigina, inkende zo muri Afurika zishobora kurya imiteja y’inkori. Zitangira kurya imiteja imbuto zigitangira kwirema mu gishishwa ndetse bidacunzwe hakiri kare byakwangiza burundu imiteja bigatera igihombo gikabije ku musaruro. Ni byiza gucungana n’imbuto kuva imbuto zitangiye kwiremarema mu miteja kugeza ku isarura.

f) Ibivumvuri (Callosobruchus)

Ibivumvuri ni byo byonnyi by’ingenzi byangiza inkori. Bibamo amoko abiri y’ingenzi:

Callosobruchus masculatus na Callosobruchus chinensis.

Ibivumvuri bikuze kenshi bitera amagi yabyo mu murima, mu miteja igitangira kuzana imbuto. Ibyana byabyo byinjira mu bikonoshwa by’imiteja no mu mbuto. Biba ari bitoya cyane ku buryo imyenge byinjiriramo itabonwa n’amaso maze uko imbuto zigenda zikura n’ imyenge ikazimira. Ibyana bitungwa n’iby’imbere mu rubuto maze buri gakoko kakiremera inzira itunguka inyuma ipfumuye urubuto. Nyuma y’iremwa ry’agakoko  agakoko gakuru gasunikira hanze igishishwa cy’umuteja kagasigamo umwenge w’uruziga. N’ubwo hari amagi amwe n’amwe aba yaratewe mu murima, amenshi ni aterwa n’udukoko dukuru twinjira mu bubiko. Udukoko dutera amagi mu mbuto z’inkori maze tugatuma habaho kwiyongera gukabije kw’imbuto zanduye. Kenshi abahinzi bavanga inkori n’ivu mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kurinda imbuto.

 

Ikivumvuri gikuru

Indwara

Indwara zifata inkori zikunda kugaragara no gukabya mu turere duhehereye, ariko zishobora no gufata inkori zihinzwe mu turere twumagaye. Indwara z’ingenzi mu zifata inkori ni izi zikurikira:

(a) Indwara y’ibidomo ku mababi- Zonate

 

Inkori zafashwe n’indwara y’ibibara ku mababi – Zonate

Ni indwara izana ibibara bitandukanye ku mababi bitewe n’uduhumyo (Ascochyta phaseolorum) na Dactuli phoratarii n’ibijya gusa n’umugese (Synchytrium dolichi). Guhangana n’iyi ndwara bisaba gutera amoko y’inkori abasha kwihanganira bene izi ndwara ziterwa n’imiyege. Indwara nk’ibibara nka Septoria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot na brown blotch ni amwe mu moko y’ingenzi y’indwara z’ibibara byangiza amababi y’inkori.

(b) Indwara ziterwa na virusi

Inkori zifatwa n’indwara ziterwa na virusi zirenga 20, muri zo harimo: ububembe buterwa n’inda zangiza inkori, ububembe buterwa na virusi buzana ibibara (amabara abengerana, amabara y’umuhondo,….). Indwara zimwe ziba zaraturutse ku kwanduzanya kw’imbuto hagati y’ikinyejana cy’ibihingwa n’ikigikurikiye, bigatuma habaho ikwirakwira ry’indwara ku musaruro w’inkori wo mu tundi turere bitewe n’ihererekanya ry’imbuto. Indwara zandurira mu mbuto zikwirakzizwa mu mirima y’inkori n’udukoko twangiza nk’inda n’ibivumvuri, uduhunduguru n’udukoko tuguruka. Indwara ziterwa na virusi biragoye guhangana nazo hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire. Uburyo bushoboka bwo guhangana nazo ni ugutera imbuto z’ubwoko bwizewe bubasha kwihanganira ubwandu bwa virusi.

 

Inkori zafashwe n’indwara y’ububembe iterwa na virusi

c) Indwara ziterwa na mikorobe za bagiteri

Cyumya ni indwara rusange y’inkori iboneka  mu turere duhehereye twa Toropike.

 

 

 Ibimenyetso ku mababi afite indwara ya Cyumya

Gusarura

Kugira ngo inkori zigire umusaruro mwiza w’imboga amababi yazo agomba gsarurwa akiri mato kandi atoshye. Amababi meza ni aya  gatatu cyangwa aya kane uhereye ku mutwe. Gusarura amababi atoshye inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru uhereye ku cyumweru cya kane cyangwa icya gatandatu nyuma yo gutera inkori ntacyo byangiza ku musaruro uretse ko bishobora gutinza kuzana uruyange. Ku nkori zatewe hagamijwe gusarura imbuto

10-20% by amababi bitangira gusarurwa mbere yo kuzana uruyage bikagira ingaruka zidakabije ku musaruro w’imbuto. Kwangirika gukabije kw’amababi y’inkori (> 40%) bigenda bitinza kuzana uruyange, kuzana imbuto no gusarurwa.

Ubusanzwe inkori zeze zisarurwa hakoreshejwe amaboko. Imiteja isarurwa mu gihe imbuto zirimo imbere zitarakomera, mu minsi 12–15 nyuma y’uruyange. Gusarura imbuto zeze bisaba gutoranya zimwe na zimwe uko zigenda zikomera ubundi zikanikwa ku mbuga. Ku bwoko bw’inkori buterera rimwe biragoye gusarura izeze neza kuko zera urusorongo. Ku moko amwe n’amwe  ahingwa mu duce tumwe isarura rishobora gufata ibyiciro birindwi bitandukanyijwe n’iminsi itatu cyangwa ine. Intera iri hagati yo gutera inkori n’igihe zisarurirwa iterwa n’akamenyero ko guhinga, kugwa kw’imvura n’ubworozi bukorwa muri ako gace ariko ni inshuro nke byarenza amezi atanu cyangwa atandatu.

Kwita kumusaruro

Amababi yoroshye y’inkori arasoromwa, bakayakata, bakayakaranga maze bakayatekana n’inyama cyangwa sezame cyangwa ifu y’ubunyobwa bikarishwa ubugari cyangwa ibindi biribwa.

Rimwe na rimwe amababi barayanika bakayasyamo ifu ishobora kubikika ikazaribwa hashize igihe mu gihe cy’impeshyi, mu gihe umushogoro uba utakiboneka. Uburyo bwo guteka umushogoro w’inkori mbere yo kuwumisha ngo ubikike neza ni uburyo bwakwiriye mu bice byinshi bya Afurika. Amababi y’inkori barayatogosa, bakayaminina, bakayastindagira mu dukoresho dufite ingano nk’iy’udupira dukina Golf akazumiramo, akanabikwamo. Imbuto zishobora gutekanwa n’ibigori cyangwa amasaka bikaribwa nka “Balila”  cyangwa zikavangwa na sezame cyangwa ifu y’ubunyobwa bikaribwa gutyo. Hari abantu bamwe bakunda guteka inkori zivanze na sezame cyangwa ifu y’ubunyobwa bakabirisha ubugari. Igishishwa cy’inyuma ku mbuto z’inkori gishobora gukurwaho mbere y’uko zitogoswa cyangwa zitekwa mu mavuta nyuma sezame cyangwa ifu y’ubunyobwa bikongerwamo bigakora isupu (Pirinda), ishobora kurishwa ubugari.

Guhura

Inkori zumye zishobora guhurwa bakoresheje imihini mu gihe zasaruwe zikanikwa ku zuba zikuma neza. Kubera ko imbuto zishobora kwisatura ku buryo bworoshye, guhura ntibisaba gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi, icy’ingenzi ni uko ibishishwa bifunguka. Biranashoboka ko inkori zitonozwa intoki hagakurwamo imbuto igihe atari nyinshi.

Kujonjora

Ubwiza bw’imbuto ni bwo bwerekana ko imyaka yahinzwe neza, igakura neza, ikera neza. Ni yo mpamvu imyaka igomba kwitabwaho kuri buri cyiciro, uhereye ku isarura, guhura no kubungabunga umusaruro nyuma y’isarura mu rwego rwo kurinda umusaruro ubwandu bwaterwa n’ibyonnyi ndetse n’indwara. Kujonjora  imbuto ni ingenzi kugira ngo bakuremo imbuto zangiritse n’izamenetse, gukuramo amabuye, imyanda, nizifite uburwayi hasigare imbuto nziza. Biri mu nyungu z’abashinzwe gucuruza imbuto kugura n’abahinzi imbuto zisukuye kugira ngo zigire agaciro ku isoko.

Gushyira mu byiciro

Imbuto z’inkori zigira intungamubiri zihagije ni izahingiwe kuribwa ari mbisi, guhindurwamo ibindi biribwa cyangwa se kuribwa zumye. Bityo, ni ngombwa kwita ku buzima bw’amababi kandi ubwoko bwiza bw’imbuto ni ingenzi haba mu kuribwa cyangwa gucuruzwa. Gushyira mu byiciro imbuto z’inkori bishobora gukorwa bakuramo imbuto zanduye, izirwaye n’izamenetse n’amababi. Imbuto zagwingiye na zo zigomba gukurwamo.

Gupakira mu bikoresho byabugenewe

Imbuto z’inkori zigomba gupakirwa mu mifuka zikabikwa mu bwumishirizo bukoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa zikanikwa  ku zuba ku bidasesa kugira ngo amazi akamukemo kugeza ku rugero rwifuzwa rwa 12% cyangwa munsi yarwo. Inkori zigomba gupakirwa mu mifuka yabugenewe, ifite isuku, itinjirwamo n’udusimba cyangwa indwara ziterwa n’uduhumyo. Ibikoresho bipakirwamo bigomba kuba byarabigenewe kandi ari ubwoko bwiza.

Inkori zishobora gupakirwa mu bikoresho bizafasha guhorana isuku, bitangiza intungamubiri ziri mu gihingwa, zikabikika mu