Guhangana n'indwara n'ibyonni

1. Ibibara by`ikigina(Alternaria passiflorae)

 

Indwara ikomeye ku isi yose ku matunda ni ibibara by`ikigina biza ku mababi, ku giti no ku mbuto. Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara by`ikigina bifata hagera  kuri mm 10 z`umurambararo ku mababi, kenshi bigakura bigana imbere mu giti bikumishamo imbere rwagati. Ku giti cy'itunda, ibyo bibara bigera kuri mm 30 z`uburebure kandi iyo bifashe munsi y`amababi bishobora kwica itunda ryose. Ku rubuto, ibibara biza ari ikigina cyerurutse, bikoze uruziga kandi bicukura; kenshi na kenshi birihuza bikarema ikibara gikwiriye ahantu hanini maze bikarema udukoko twinshi tw`umutuku uvanze n`ikigina. Utwo dukoko tujya ku mababi, ku gihimba no ku mbuto  dukwirakwizwa n`imvura irimo imiyaga ihuha. Igihe ikirere gishyushye, hahehereye bituma iyo ndwara yiyongera.

Kuyirwanya:

• Ubwoko bw'amatunda y'umuhondo n`imvange ziyakomokaho  abasha kwihanganira iyi ndwara.
• Gusukura ubutaka (gutoragura no kumaraho imbuto zipfuye zigushije, amamabi se n'ibiti by`amatunda)
• Gukata amatunda kugira ngo ubucucike bugabanuke, bityo ubuhehere bugabanuke mu gihingwa.
• Mu gihe gikwiye, gutera imiti ikoze mu muringa. Mu gihe cy`ubuhehere, mu gihe amatunda akura vuba cyane, kugabanya intera iri hagati y'itera ry'umuti n'irindi kuva ku byumweru 2 cyangwa 3 kugira ngo wizere ko imimero mishya irinzwe bihagije.

2. Seputoriya (Septoria passiflorae)

Iyi ndwara ifata amababi, igihimba n`imbuto. Amababi yafashwe arihungura ku buryo bworoshye bikaba byanatuma n'uruyange ruhunguka. Ibyo bibara bishobora no kwirema ku gihimba ku burebure bwacyo. Ku mbuto hazaho ibibara by`ikijuju cyerurutse bizamo ududomo tw'umukara. Ibibara kenshi bigera aho bikihuza bigafata ahantu hanini ku rubuto. Imbuto zafashwa n'iyo ndwara zigenda zihisha ibice ibice. Ubukoko buterwa n' utwo tudomo tw'umukara buhuhwa bujya ku giti byegeranye mu gihe cy`ubuhehere n'umuyaga bityo bikakwirakwiza vuba iyo ndwara. Iyo ndwara ikwirakwizwa n`imvura, urume no kuvomerera baturutse hejuru. Igihe cy'ubushyuhe n'igihe cy`ubuhehere byorohera ikwirakwiza ry`iyi ndwara.

Kuyirwanya:

Ingamba zo guhangana n'ndwara y`ibibara by`ikigina ni zimwe n`izo kurwanya indwara twabonye haruguru

 

3. Cyumya (Fussarium oxysporocum f-sp-passiflorae)

Ibimenyetso by`iyi ndwara ni amababi ahinduka umuhondo maze agace kegereye ku butaka k`igihingwa cyanduye kagahinduka ikigina kakanisatura mu burebure; umugozi w`itunda uruma bigakurikirwa no gupfa burundu kw`igihingwa cyose. Iyo urebye neza mu gihimba cyanduye usanga ibice by`imbere byarahinduye ibara bikaba ikigina.

Kuyirwanya:

• Ibice byanduye bigomba gukurwaho bigatwikwa.
• Gukuraho bwangu ibice byangiritse cyangwa gukuraho n`intoki ibice byanduye .
• Kudakoresha icyuma wakoresheje ukata ibihingwa byanduye ngo ugikoreshe ku bihingwa bizima.
• Gusukura ku ntangiriro y`igihingwa ntihabe ibyatsi bibi kuko bituma ubukoko butera indwara bukuriramo
• Gutera ku buryo bwo kubangurira amatunda y`umuhondo afite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu rwego rwo kwirinda.

4. Kirabiranya y'amatunda (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parastica)

Amababi yafashwe n`iyi ndwara asa n`ikigina cyerurutse gisa n`icyinitse mu mazi. Yihungura ku buryo bworoshye, bigatuma n`uruyange rwihungura. Ibice byafashwe by`igihimba bibanza gusa n`idoma nyuma bikazaba ikigina hejuru y`ihuriro ry'ishami ryabanguriwe n'igitsinsi. Bishobora kuzenguruka igihimba cyose bikagitera kuraba ko gupfa kw`igihingwa cyose.

Ibimenyeto by`iyi ndwara ku mbuto z`amatunda bigaragazwa n`ikibara kinini gisa n`ikinitse mu mazi. Imbuto zirwaye zihungura ku buryo bworoshye maze mu gihe cy`ubuhehere kigatwikirwa n`ikibara cy`umweru gikomeza gukuriramo ubukoko.

Ikindi kimenyetso ni ukubora kw`imizi. Ubwoko bw`amatunda asa n`idoma ndetse n`ay umuhondo bitandukanye mu buryo bufatwa n'indwara.  Ubwoko bw`umuhondo bwandura cyane kirabiranya iterwa n'udukoko twitwa P. cinnamoni, naho ubwoko busa n`idoma bukandura kirabiranya iterwa na P. nicotianae.

Ayo moko yombi y`imiyege ashobora gufata amatunda kandi agatuma imizi ibora, igihingwa kikumagara,  n`ubushye bw`amababi.  Mu ntangiriro, udukoko tw`imiyege duturuka mu butaka buhehereye bwo munsi y`igihingwa bugahehera cyane ku buryo urugara rw`amababi ruhabanuka.

Iyi ndwara itizwa umurindi n`igihe cy`ubuhehere n`umuyaga.

Kuyirinda:

• Gusukura ubutaka
• Gukata no kugira ibyatsi biteye munsi y`amatunda kugira ngo hagabanuke ubukoko bufata amababi yo hasi.
• Gutera imiti ikozwe mu muringa buri gihe cy`amezi 2-3 mu gihe cy` imvura bigabanya uburwayi mu bice byagaragaye ko iyi ndwara izahaza cyane
• Ibice byanduye bishobora guterwa umuti urwanya ubwo bukoko.

5. Indwara y'ububuye ( Passion fruit woodiness potyvirus: PWV)

Amababi yanduye agira amabara avanze akoze igishushanyo cy`icyatsi cyerurutse n`icyatsi kijimye kenshi na kenshi hakazamo n`ikibara cy`umuhondo werurutse. Rimwe na rimwe, utubara duto dusa n`impeta dushobora kugaragara ku buso bugana hejuru bw`ikibabi. Imbuto zanduye ziranyunkuka zigata ishusho isanzwe y`itunda, zikagira igihu gikomeye n'umwobo w`imbere muto. Iyo ukase urubuto rurwaye usanga uruhu rw`imbere rufite ibibara bw`ikigina. Hari ubwo udukoko dutuma urubuto rwanduye rwiyasa.

Iyi ndwara iterwa n'udukoko twitwa Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae n`ibyuma bakoreshaa bakata. Utu dukoko dutera indwara dushobora kwihisha mu nsina, mu bindi bihingwa no mu byatsi bibi.

Kuyirinda:

• Gukoresha ibikoresho by`ubuhinzi bisukuye
• Gusukura ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gukata
• Gutera ubwoko buvanze budapfa gufatwa n`indwara cyangwa ibitsinsi by`amatunda y`umuhondo
• Kurandura ibiti birwaye bikavanwa mu murima
• Kubagara neza
• Kwirinda guhinga urutoki cyangwa ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe hafi y`umurima w`amatunda
• Gucunga udukoko tuyitera.

6. Utumatirizi (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae)

Utumatirizi twangiza ibihingwa by`amatunda binyunyuza amatembabuzi yabyo bigatuma amababi yafashwe yizingazinga, yipfunyarika cyangwa abyimba, bigatuma igihingwa cyose gita isura yacyo. Utumatirizi dukwirakiwiza ubukoko butera uburwayi zikarema ibisa n`ubuki bipfukirana igihingwa bigatuma kibora ibyo bikagabanya ubushobozi bw'ikimera bwo guhumeka.

Kuyirinda:

• Gutera amatunda mu butaka bwiza buteguye neza, bwera, ariko ukirinda gushyiramo inyongeramusaruro nyinshi zirimo Azote kuko zituma igihingwa kigira umutobe mwinshi bityo bigakurura udukoko;
• Gukata amatunda mu rwego rwo kuyarinda kuba igihuru, kudaterana amatunda n`ibihingwa bicumbikira udukoko dutera indwara;
• Kongerera ubushobozi udukoko turya utumatirizi no gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka bigira indabo hafi y'umurima w'amatunda,
• Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ari uko  bibaye ngombwa, Lambda-Cyhalothrin,Cypermethrin,AmidaclopridAcetamipride, ... ni yo yaba myiza, ku rugero rwa ml/kuri litiro y`amazi.

7. Udukoko twangiza amatunda

Udukoko (Thysanoptera sp.) dutera kugwingira kw`imbuto z`amatunda zikiri nto. Zitungwa n`amababi, indabyo n`imbuto. Ibice by`igihingwa byafashwe biruma. Indabyo zafashwe n`imbuto zikiri nto zigwa zirihungura. Imbuto zariwe n'utu dukoko zigira udukomere duto duto bigatera ubusembwa umusaruro w`amatunda igihe cyo kuyagurisha cyane cyane iyo ari agomba kugurishwa hanze y`igihugu.

Kuyirwanya:

• Kurandura burundu  ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa n’ibihingwa byimeza mu gihe cyo gutegura umurima uzahingwamo amatunda, kubirenzaho mu gihe cy’iginga, cyangwa kusasira kugira ngo iremwa ry’ubukoko rigabanuke.
• Gutera umuti wica ubukoko nka  Deltamethrin ku rugero rwa m1 kuri litiro y’amazi.
• Udukoko turwa utu twangiza turimo utwitwa  anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.) , imiswa n'ibitagangurirwa.